Dose Response of Epinephrine

Inclusion criteria

• healthy controls age 18-55 yr.
• Body mass index >21 kg · m-2

Exclusion criteria

• Pregnant or breastfeeding women
• Subjects unwilling or unable to comply with approved contraception measures
• Subjects unable to give voluntary informed consent
• Subjects on anticoagulant drugs, anemic or with known bleeding diatheses
• Subjects with a history of severe, uncontrolled hypertension, heart disease, cerebrovascular incidents
• Current tobacco use
• Subjects with any known allergies to any of the study medications being used

Physical Exam Exclusion Criteria

• Uncontrolled severe hypertension (i.e., blood pressure greater than 160/100)
• Clinically significant cardiac abnormalities (e.g. heart failure, arrhythmia)
• Pneumonia treatment or hospitalization within 2 weeks prior to enrollment (study visit)
• Hepatic failure / jaundice
• Renal failure
• Cerebrovascular accident occurrence or hospitalization within 4 weeks prior to enrollment
• Fever greater than 38.0 degrees C

Screening Laboratory Tests Exclusion Criteria

• Hematocrit lower than 32 %
• White blood cell (WBC) count lower than 3 thou/ul or greater than 14 thou/ul
• Liver function tests: serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) greater than twice upper limit of normal range
• Alkaline phosphatase greater than 150U/L
• Total bilirubin (TBil) greater than 2 mg/dl
• Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
• Positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C
• Any abnormal cardiac response during multi-stage exercise test (if over 40 years of age)