Difficult Encounters in Pain Medicine

Pain is associated with significant psychosocial pathology include axis 1 diagnoses, opioid use and misuse, unemployment, and strained relationships, and treatments for chronic pain are often ineffective. Collectively, these factors may result in a higher prevalence of patients characterized as 'difficult', which can lead to missed diagnoses, barriers to care resulting in poorer outcomes (professional pessimism, mistrust, passive treatment, referrals to other providers or discharge), patient complaints and 'HERO' events, avoidable legal claims, and increased risk of professional burnout. Characterizing patients as "difficult" (instead of encounters) may have negative consequences for future care, and there are few studies that have explored patients' perspectives on "difficult" encounters. Although several articles have narratively explored this issue, there are few targeted at chronic pain patients, and no studies in this population that set out to determine what variables are associated with a "difficult encounter", the congruence between patients' and providers' impressions of an encounter, or whether difficult encounters are associated with pain treatment outcome.

Inclusion criteria

• ≥ 18 years of age
• Pain duration > 3 months
• New Visit (or no visit within 3 years)

Exclusion criteria

• Referral only for diagnostic procedure
• Friend or relative, or direct referral from friend or relative