Different Frequency Temporal Interference Stimulation on Bilateral Subthalamic Nucleus for Parkinson's Disease

The MDS-UPDRS-III is a standardized assessment tool to evaluate motor function symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease.It has a scoring range of 0 to 132 points, with higher scores meaning more severe motor disorders.

The Mini-BESTest is a clinical assessment tool for evaluating balance function. It assesses the balance control system across multiple domains, with a scoring range of 0 to 28 points; higher scores indicate better balance function.

The 10-Meter Walk Test assesses gait speed and functional mobility by measuring the time required to walk 10 meters. Increased time reflects slower walking and worse mobility.

Voice intensity is measured using Praat software. Voice intensity, expressed in dB SPL, reflects the loudness of the voice. This indicators is used to objectively evaluate the functional status of the subjects' vocal system. Abnormalities in voice intensity may indicate impairments in vocal cord movement, laryngeal muscle control, or related neural regulation, which is of great significance for assessing the severity of vocal function disorders and the effect of intervention.

Center of pressure (COP) sway velocity of subjects on stable and unstable surfaces is measured via a balance board during two standing conditions: single-task quiet standing and dual-task standing. The dual-task standing requires subjects to continuously perform serial subtraction of 7 from random numbers ranging from 400 to 600 while maintaining standing posture. The balance board records COP movement speed under both single-task and dual-task standing states. This indicator objectively assesses balance control and adaptability to different surfaces; abnormal increases indicate impaired balance, aiding evaluation of balance disorder severity and intervention effectiveness.

Functional MRI is used to acquire BOLD data. BOLD signals reflect regional brain activity and functional connectivity. This measure evaluates brain function and structural connectivity associated with motor and cognitive performance.

Phonation duration refers to the continuous time of voluntary phonation. This indicators is used to objectively evaluate the functional status of the subjects' vocal system. Abnormalities in phonation duration may indicate impairments in vocal cord movement, laryngeal muscle control, or related neural regulation, which is of great significance for assessing the severity of vocal function disorders and the effect of intervention.

Fundamental frequency (F₀) range of subjects' phonation is measured using Praat software. Fundamental frequency range is the interval between the minimum and maximum F₀ (unit: Hz) during phonation, reflecting the variability of voice pitch. This indicators is used to objectively evaluate the functional status of the subjects' vocal system. Abnormalities in F₀ range may indicate impairments in vocal cord movement, laryngeal muscle control, or related neural regulation, which is of great significance for assessing the severity of vocal function disorders and the effect of intervention.

Center of pressure (COP) sway range of subjects on stable and unstable surfaces is measured via a balance board during two standing conditions: single-task quiet standing and dual-task standing. The dual-task standing requires subjects to continuously perform serial subtraction of 7 from random numbers ranging from 400 to 600 while maintaining standing posture. The balance board records the maximum displacement range of COP deviation under both single-task and dual-task standing states. This indicator objectively assesses postural stability and balance regulation ability on different surfaces; abnormal increases indicate deteriorated postural control, aiding evaluation of balance disorder severity and intervention effectiveness.

Center of pressure (COP) sway path of subjects on stable and unstable surfaces is measured via a balance board during two standing conditions: single-task quiet standing and dual-task standing. The dual-task standing requires subjects to continuously perform serial subtraction of 7 from random numbers ranging from 400 to 600 while maintaining standing posture. The balance board records the total traveling path length of COP movement under both single-task and dual-task standing states. This indicator objectively reflects the complexity and stability of postural adjustment during standing on different surfaces; abnormal increases indicate inefficient balance control and postural instability, aiding evaluation of balance disorder severity and intervention effectiveness.

Center of pressure (COP) sway area of subjects on stable and unstable surfaces is measured via a balance board during two standing conditions: single-task quiet standing and dual-task standing. The dual-task standing requires subjects to continuously perform serial subtraction of 7 from random numbers ranging from 400 to 600 while maintaining standing posture. The balance board records the planar enclosed area covered by continuous COP movement under both single-task and dual-task standing states. This indicator objectively evaluates the overall stability of standing posture and anti-interference ability on different surfaces; abnormal increases represent expanded postural sway range and impaired balance function, aiding evaluation of balance disorder severity and intervention effectiveness.

Functional MRI is used to acquire Diffusion Tensor Imaging（DTI) data. DTI characterizes white matter microstructural integrity and fiber tract organization. This measure evaluates brain function and structural connectivity associated with motor and cognitive performance.

The time consumed by subjects to complete the standard Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is recorded as the evaluation outcome. During the test, subjects are required to finish a series of standardized movements including standing up from a chair, straight walking, turning around, and sitting back down independently. This indicator objectively assesses basic walking ability, functional mobility and gross motor control ability of subjects; prolonged completion time indicates impaired walking and mobility function, aiding the evaluation of motor dysfunction severity and intervention effectiveness.

The time consumed by subjects to complete the dual-task Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is recorded as the evaluation outcome. During the dual-task test, subjects are required to finish the entire standard TUG motor sequence while simultaneously performing continuous serial subtraction of 7 from random numbers within 100, which imposes additional cognitive load during walking. This indicator comprehensively reflects subjects' dual-task execution ability, integrating walking mobility and cognitive-motor coordination capacity. Increased completion time represents declined dual-task processing efficiency and compromised gait stability under cognitive interference, aiding the evaluation of comprehensive motor-cognitive function and intervention effectiveness.