Dietary Intake of Salmon and Bone Health

Suboptimal vitamin D status is common among humans, and might have a negative impact on bone health. Fatty fish, including Atlantic salmon, is an important dietary vitamin D source. However, due to a considerable change in fish feed composition, the contribution of vitamin D from salmon fillet has been reduced. The aims were to investigate how intake of tailor-made salmon affected bone biomarkers, nutritional status (vitamin D, omega-3), as well as body composition and bone mineral density (BMD). The 122 healthy postmenopausal women (median 55 years) included in this 12 weeks intervention study were randomized into four groups: three salmon groups (150 grams/two times/week) and one tablet group (800IU vitamin D and 1000 mg Calcium/day). The salmon groups also received calcium supplements (1000 mg/d). The salmon had three different vitamin D3/vitamin K1 combinations: high D3 + high K1, low D3 + high K1, or high D3 + low K1.

Inclusion criteria

• Postmenopausal women
• Caucasian ethnicity
• Age range 50-65 years
• Having postmenopausal age of at least one year

Exclusion criteria

• Osteoporotic fractures
• Medical treatment for osteoporosis
• Warfarin treatment
• Creatinine above or below normal range
• Hypervitaminosis D
• Malabsorption syndrome
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Inflammatory rheumatic diseases
• Women who had planned to go away on holiday during the intervention could not participate