Diet, Metabolic Health, and Exercise Responses

Affective valence will be assessed using the single-item Feeling Scale. Scores range from -5 ("very bad") to +5 ("very good"), with 0 representing "neutral." Higher scores indicate more positive affective valence and therefore a better affective response.

Perceived arousal will be assessed using the single-item Felt Arousal Scale. Scores range from 1 ("low arousal") to 6 ("high arousal"). Higher scores indicate greater perceived arousal and are not inherently a better or worse outcome.

Positive affect will be assessed using the five-item positive-affect subscale of the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Short Form. The five items are summed to produce a score ranging from 5 to 25. Higher scores indicate greater positive affect and therefore a better affective response.

Negative affect will be assessed using the five-item negative-affect subscale of the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Short Form. The five items are summed to produce a score ranging from 5 to 25. Higher scores indicate greater negative affect and therefore a worse affective response.

Exercise enjoyment will be assessed using the 8-item Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale-Short Form (PACES-SF). After reverse-scoring negatively worded items, responses are summed to produce a total score ranging from 8 to 56. Higher scores indicate greater exercise enjoyment and therefore a better outcome.

Momentary desire to move will be assessed using the Move subscale of the Cravings for Rest and Volitional Energy Expenditure (CRAVE) scale. Item responses are averaged to produce a score ranging from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate a greater momentary desire to move but are not inherently a better or worse health outcome.

Momentary desire to rest will be assessed using the Rest subscale of the Cravings for Rest and Volitional Energy Expenditure (CRAVE) scale. Item responses are averaged to produce a score ranging from 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate a greater momentary desire to rest but are not inherently a better or worse health outcome.

Everyday cognitive functioning will be assessed using the 25-item Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). Items are summed to produce a total score ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate a greater frequency of everyday cognitive failures and therefore a worse outcome.

Aerobic fitness will be estimated during a submaximal graded cycle-ergometer exercise test with respiratory gas analysis. Estimated maximal oxygen consumption will be reported in milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body mass per minute. Higher values indicate greater aerobic fitness and therefore a better outcome.

Body composition will be assessed using air-displacement plethysmography (BodPod) and reported as the percentage of total body mass consisting of fat. Higher values indicate a greater proportion of body mass consisting of fat.

Academic engagement will be assessed using the 9-item Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for Students (UWES-S-9). The instrument assesses vigor, dedication, and absorption in academic activities. Items are scored from 0 ("never") to 6 ("always/every day"), and the mean of the nine items is calculated to produce an overall score ranging from 0 to 6. Higher scores indicate greater academic engagement and therefore a better outcome.

Reaction time will be assessed using the computerized Psychomotor Vigilance Task. Mean reaction time for valid responses will be reported in milliseconds. Higher values indicate slower reaction time and therefore worse cognitive performance.

Sustained attention will be assessed using the computerized Psychomotor Vigilance Task. Attention lapses will be defined as responses with a reaction time of 500 milliseconds or longer and reported as the number of lapses during the task. A higher number of lapses indicates worse sustained-attention performance.

Habitual saturated fat intake will be estimated from a 5-day dietary record completed using Cronometer. Intake will be averaged across recorded days and reported in grams per day. Higher values indicate greater saturated fat intake.

Habitual monounsaturated fat intake will be estimated from a 5-day dietary record completed using Cronometer. Intake will be averaged across recorded days and reported in grams per day. Higher values indicate greater monounsaturated fat intake.

Habitual polyunsaturated fat intake will be estimated from a 5-day dietary record completed using Cronometer. Intake will be averaged across recorded days and reported in grams per day. Higher values indicate greater polyunsaturated fat intake.

Salivary cortisol concentration will be measured from a saliva sample and reported in nmol/L. Higher values indicate higher salivary cortisol concentrations but are not inherently a better or worse outcome.

Fasting blood glucose concentration will be measured following an overnight fast and reported in milligrams per deciliter. Higher values indicate higher fasting glucose concentrations and generally worse glycemic status.

Fasting total cholesterol concentration will be measured and reported in milligrams per deciliter. Higher values indicate higher total cholesterol concentrations.

Fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration will be measured and reported in milligrams per deciliter. Higher values generally indicate a more favorable lipid profile.

Fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration will be measured and reported in milligrams per deciliter. Higher values generally indicate a less favorable lipid profile.

Fasting triglyceride concentration will be measured and reported in milligrams per deciliter. Higher values generally indicate a less favorable lipid profile.

Glucose area under the curve will be calculated from glucose concentrations measured during the oral glucose tolerance test using the trapezoidal method and reported in milligrams per deciliter multiplied by minutes. Higher values indicate a greater glucose excursion and generally worse glucose tolerance.