Diagnostic Values of Physical Examination and Ultrasonographic Measurements in Predicting Difficult Airways

Anesthesiologists, intensive care specialists, and emergency physicians frequently encounter the challenge of managing difficult airways, a critical competency as failure to secure the airway can lead to severe consequences, including brain damage or death. Intubation, a complex procedure involving several anatomical maneuvers, has traditionally relied on physical examination indicators such as dental and facial anatomy, Mallampati score, and neck mobility to predict potential difficulties. However, these methods, while useful, often lack the accuracy needed for reliable prediction, leading to a significant percentage of unexpected difficult intubations.

Recent advances in medical imaging propose the use of radiological and ultrasonographic assessments to enhance predictive accuracy. Ultrasonography, in particular, offers a non-invasive, easily accessible method for examining airway structures, which could potentially transform standard practices in airway management. The American Society of Anesthesiologists recognizes the promising role of ultrasound in airway assessment, yet acknowledges the need for more standardized approaches to its implementation.

This research aims to compare the predictive value of physical examination findings with that of ultrasonographic measurements such as the distance from skin to hyoid bone, skin to epiglottis, and tongue volume. By establishing more reliable and sensitive ultrasonographic markers, this study seeks to provide clinicians with better tools for assessing the risk of difficult airways, ultimately contributing to safer anesthesia practices and reducing the incidence of intubation-related complications.

Inclusion criteria

• Patients classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I-II-III.
• Individuals aged between 18 and 60 years.
• Patients scheduled for elective surgery require endotracheal intubation under general anesthesia

Exclusion criteria

• Patients with pathologies in the airway or head and neck area (masses, cancer, congenital anomalies, acquired anatomical disorders).
• Individuals with active infections.
• Those with cervical vertebral damage.
• Patients with a history of head and neck trauma.
• Individuals who have undergone previous head and neck surgery.
• Patients with a history of head and neck radiotherapy.
• Pregnant individuals.
• Obese patients (body mass index > 30).
• Non-cooperative patients.
• Patients are requiring surgery under emergency conditions.