Diagnostic Biomarkers for Checkpoint Inhibitor-related Pneumonitis

Checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis (CIP) is a common and potentially fatal immune-related adverse event associated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy. The early and accurate diagnosis of CIP is crucial for timely intervention and improving patient prognosis. However, in clinical practice, the overlapping clinical presentations and imaging features of CIP with infectious pneumonia, tumor progression, or other pulmonary diseases pose a significant diagnostic challenge. The current lack of precise and specific diagnostic techniques often leads to underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis. This diagnostic dilemma can delay the optimal treatment window and may result in the unnecessary interruption or discontinuation of effective immunotherapy, ultimately compromising overall anti-tumor efficacy.

Metabolomics, the comprehensive analysis of small-molecule metabolites, provides a dynamic readout of an organism's physiological state and has shown great promise in biomarker discovery for various diseases. Serum, in particular, offers an easily accessible biofluid that reflects systemic metabolic alterations. ¹H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy is a robust, reproducible, and quantitative platform ideal for profiling key serum components, including lipoproteins and a wide range of low-molecular-weight metabolites, in a high-throughput manner. The investigators hypothesize that the development of CIP induces a distinct, detectable alteration in the host's systemic metabolic profile, which can be captured by NMR analysis and serve as a diagnostic signature.

Inclusion criteria

• Patients with a pathological diagnosis of lung cancer;
• The subject has received at least one course of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment;
• Capable of understanding and voluntarily signing an informed consent form.

For the CIP group, the following additional criteria must be met:

• Highly suspected of having checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis based on radiological abnormalities and/or pulmonary symptoms (including fever, cough, and dyspnea).

For the Control group, the following additional criteria must be met:

• Has had no clinical symptoms or radiographic evidence suggestive of pneumonitis at enrollment or prior to enrollment.

Exclusion criteria

• Pulmonary lesions were definitively diagnosed as tumor progression, bacterial pneumonia, or pulmonary edema;
• Incomplete or missing follow-up data.