Diagnosis Exclusion of Recurrent Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Lower Limbs

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) recurrence is a common situation after stopping anticoagulant treatment. This recurrence requires extended anticoagulant therapy to prevent thrombosis progression and embolization, but given an increased bleeding risk with prolonged treatment, an accurate diagnosis for VTE recurrence is needed.

Unfortunately, there is no reference standard for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) recurrence and objective and accurate diagnostic methods are lacking. Clinical assessment does not allow discriminating between a previous and a recent thrombosis and there is no clinical prediction rule specific to the suspicion of DVT recurrence. D-dimer assays alone may not be able to safely exclude the diagnosis of DVT recurrence, and they have not been sufficiently validated in combination with clinical probability. The same holds for imaging modalities because normalisation rate after proximal DVT is low and a "residual thrombosis" may make difficult the diagnosis of a new thrombosis episode at the same site. Phlebography is non-diagnostic in 33% of cases. CT-venography has never been evaluated and MRI direct thrombus imaging (MRDTI) although very promising is still under evaluation.

As compression ultrasound (CUS) may be equivocal due to a residual thrombosis, a comparison to baseline measurements of residual vein diameter after full compression at the common femoral and the popliteal vein segments in cross-sectional plane has been suggested with an increase in diameter superior to 2 or 4 mm as a diagnosis criterion. This method has many major limitations related to: 1/the need for a previous measurement almost never available in practice, 2/ the potential for recurrence at a different site than that previously measured, 3/ a poor inter-observer agreement or at least inconsistent inter-observer variability between studies, 4/ small sample sizes in diagnostic accuracy and in diagnostic management studies and 5/ lack of external validation. Due to these limitations, recurrent ipsilateral DVT is mainly diagnosed by CUS when it occurs in a new or a normalised vein segment.

Colour Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) enables to study both the thrombus and the blood flow characteristics that might help to overcome the limitations of CUS and diameter measurements. Although CDUS has never been assessed for DVT recurrence in a study, it is used in every day clinical practice and seems very helpful. The diagnosis may be easily established using the same CDUS criteria as for a first DVT episode. Our hypothesis is that CDUS associated with D-Dimer can safely exclude the diagnosis of recurrent DVT while maintaining a good specificity.

The strategy consists in performing first a CDUS that helps to classify patients as having (positive CDUS) or not having (negative CDUS) a new thrombosis. In the case of an equivocal (non-diagnostic) CDUS, a D-Dimer test is performed followed by repeat CDUS on D7±2 if D-dimer test result is abnormal. Meanwhile, patients are not treated by anticoagulants. A negative D-dimer test or an unchanged CDUS on D7±2 qualifies patients as free from a new DVT. Conversely a change in CDUS qualifies patients as having a new DVT. Only patients with a new DVT are treated. All patients have a 3-month follow-up for the assessment of venous thromboembolic and bleeding events by an independent adjudication committee.

Inclusion criteria

• Age >= 18 years
• Known history of objectively documented deep vein thrombosis of the lower limb (with or without pulmonary embolism)
• Out-patients referred for clinically suspected acute recurrent ipsilateral DVT of the lower limb i.e. the occurrence of new symptoms and signs of DVT or the increase of symptoms and signs in patients with post-thrombotic syndrome
• Patients covered by social security or equivalent regimen
• Signed and dated informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Known current pregnancy
• Any condition, which, in the opinion of the investigator may prevent him from performing the colour doppler ultrasound test (plaster cast, inaccessible vein segment after abdominal or pelvic surgery, or other causes that may lead to a technically inadequate CDUS)
• Delay from onset of symptoms to inclusion of more than 10 days
• Therapeutic anticoagulation for more than 48 hours in the two days prior to consent or a need for long term anticoagulation
• Prophylactic anticoagulation for more than 48 hours in the two days prior to consent
• Clinical symptoms of pulmonary embolism
• Life expectancy less than 3 months
• Patient unable to adhere to protocol or follow-up visits and contacts
• Participants under legal guardianship or incapacitation
• Patient already enrolled in a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) diagnostic research