Diabetes Intervention Accentuating Diet and Enhancing Metabolism

The aim of the proposed study is to conduct a pragmatic randomised controlled clinical trial randomising young adult patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes to an intervention incorporating a low calorie diet and physical activity or usual care. The investigators hypothesise that patients in the low calorie intervention arm will have greater weight reduction leading to significant improvement in glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk. The primary outcome will be weight loss. The low calorie diet intervention arm is designed to achieve and maintain significant weight loss through decreased calorie intake, increased physical activity, and behaviour change. Usual care will include routine advice about diet and physical activity. Secondary outcomes include diabetes control, body composition, and quality of life.

Inclusion criteria

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus (based on ADA diagnostic criteria) ;
• Diabetes of ≤ 3-year duration;
• BMI >27.0 kg/m² (based on WHO cut-points for ethnicity 119);
• Men and women;
• Age 18-50 years;
• Originating from the Middle East and North Africa region and resident in Qatar;
• Able to commit to the study duration;
• Able to give informed consent and willing to participate in the study.

Exclusion criteria

• Type 1 diabetes mellitus based on clinical history;
• Cardiovascular event in the previous 6 months;
• Chronic kidney disease stage 3b or greater (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m²);
• Currently pregnant, lactating, or planning pregnancy within the study period;
• Any condition precipitating fluid overload such as heart failure (NYHA class > I) and liver cirrhosis;
• Significant previously diagnosed psychiatric disorder (e.g. schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder);
• Uncontrolled depression (based on hospital anxiety and depression scale);
• Uncontrolled epilepsy;
• Known lactose intolerance;
• Severe arthritis preventing walking;
• Active gout;
• Active gallstone disease or known asymptomatic gallstones.