Approximately 9 million patients with diabetes (DM) are hospitalized annually and over 30% of inpatients without DM experience high glucose (HG) due to their acute illness. HG increases the risk of infectious and non- infectious complications and death, hospital length of stay (LOS), utilization of hospital resources and overall healthcare costs. While glucose control reduces these risks, controlling HG in the hospital is difficult due to multiple barriers such as recognizing and proactively treating glucose abnormalities, and adequately ordering insulin to treat HG in the hospital. Clinical decision support (CDS) is a system that uses computerized person- specific data in the electronic medical record (EMR) proven to improve hospital care. Among the various modalities, alert-CDS is shown to improve care delivery, providers' proactivity, and glucose control specifically in intensive care settings of academic institutions. However, alert-CDS has not yet been studied outside of intensive care units (ICU), or in community hospitals where most patients receive care. Furthermore, its impact on patients' outcomes has not been tested in any setting. The proposed project uses an innovative alert-CDS tool the investigators developed and validated which automatically identifies dysglycemia and inadequacies in insulin administration in the hospital. It alerts clinicians with recommendations to support decision making without superseding their clinical judgement. In the pilot study, it was found that this alert-CDS tool reduced recurrent high glucose levels and shortened LOS. Based on this promising preliminary data, in this project the investigators propose to study the impact of our CDS tool on clinical, economic and providers' performance outcomes among non-intensive care patients both in academic and community hospitals. This resource will be available intermittently in the EMR every 3 months for 36 months, thus allowing the comparison of 18 months of intervention and 18 months of standard care. Based on the pilot study, a sample size of 12,560 subjects will give an 80% power of detecting 0.34 days (~ 8 hours) difference in length of stay, the primary endpoint of our study. The investigators propose the following aims: Aim 1) To determine the impact of the alert-CDS over conventional care on the clinical outcomes of non-ICU patients in an academic and four community hospitals. Aim 2) To determine the impact of the alert-CDS over conventional care on the economic outcomes of non-ICU patients in an academic and four community hospital. Aim 3) To determine the impact of alert-CDS for inpatient glycemic control on providers' perspectives, competencies and practice performance between an academic and four community hospital. The study received an IRB waiver of consent for the inclusion of subjects identified in the electronic health record. The consent of clinicians participating in study surveys is implied by agreeing to respond to surveys. It is hypothesized that the tool will increase providers' knowledge and decision making to manage dysglycemia allowing them to make better decisions about insulin administration. It is also hypothesized that clinical and economic outcomes will be better during the time alert-CDS is available. The anticipated success of our study builds upon a well-established multidisciplinary team of investigators strongly supported by leadership stakeholders in hospitals within a health system. The proposed study has the potential of establishing a new paradigm in the management of dysglycemia in hospitalized patients with a major positive impact on clinical and economic outcomes.
