Development and Clinical Application of a Novel Imaging Grading System for Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma (PPGL)

Inclusion criteria

• ① Patients who underwent curative surgical resection (including laparoscopic, robot-assisted, or open surgery) at our hospital within the study period;

• Postoperative pathological confirmation of PPGL;

• Availability of complete preoperative imaging data; ④ Availability of complete perioperative clinical data, including anesthesia records, surgical records, and postoperative hospitalization information; ⑤ Age ≥ 18 years.

Exclusion criteria

• ① Lack of key imaging data or poor image quality that could not meet evaluation requirements;

• Requirement for concurrent complex surgery for other diseases, making it difficult to independently assess perioperative indicators; ③ History of biopsy only, exploratory surgery, or presence of recurrence, bilateral, or multifocal lesions, preventing independent evaluation; ④ Primary tumors located in special sites (e.g., pelvic, bladder, spermatic cord, or other rare extra-adrenal locations), leading to incomparable surgical approaches and perioperative outcomes.