Developing Resilience and Anxiety Management Through the Arts

Child anxiety and depression will be measured using a parent-report. The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale Parent Report (RCADS-P) is a 47-item measure that assesses parent-report of child anxiety and depressive symptoms. Parents respond to each item on a 4-point Likert-scale from 0 ("never") to 3 ("always). The measure yields 6 subscales including: separation anxiety disorder (SAD), social phobia (SP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). There is also a total anxiety scale, which is the sum of the 5 anxiety subscales and a total internalizing scale, which is the sum of all 6 subscales. The RCADS-P has excellent psychometric properties, including high internal consistency and convergent validity. Higher scores indicate higher anxiety/depression symptoms. A T-score is created based on the child's age and gender.

Child anxiety and depression will also be measured using a youth report. The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) is a 47 item measure that assesses child report of child anxiety and depressive symptoms. Youth respond to each item on a 4-point Likert-scale from 0 ("never") to 3 ("always). The measure yields 6 subscales including: separation anxiety disorder (SAD), social phobia (SP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). There is also a total anxiety scale, which is the sum of the 5 anxiety subscales and a total internalizing scale, which is the sum of all 6 subscales. The RCADS has been translated from English into Spanish, Chinese, Dutch, and Danish. The measure has good discriminant validity, internal consistency, and convergent validity and discriminates between anxiety and depression.

This is a measure designed by the research team that assesses cognitive-behavioral techniques (CBT) Skills knowledge. Participants indicate whether each item is true or false. Items ask about whether thoughts and feelings influence one another, whether avoidance is a good idea when one is anxious about something, present-moment focus/mindfulness, diaphragmatic breathing, activity scheduling, progressive muscle relaxation, etc.

This is a measure designed by the research team that assesses cognitive-behavioral technique (CBT) Skills use. Participants indicate how often they use each skill on a scale from Never (0) to At least once a day (5). Skills assessed included diaphragmatic breathing, cognitive restructuring, facing your fears, muscle relaxation, being mindful, scheduling pleasant activities, etc.

Youth mindfulness will be measured using the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure. The Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM) is a youth report measure that assesses present-moment awareness and non-judgmental responses to internal experiences. Youth rate each item on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 0 ("never true") to 4 "always true." The scale yields a total score with lower scores indicating greater mindfulness. Internal consistency of the scale is strong (α = .81-.84) and it correlates negatively with internalizing, externalizing, somatic symptoms.

Youth will complete the Hemingway Measure of Adolescent Connectedness, which is a measure of connectedness across multiple spheres (neighborhood, friends, self-in-the-present, parents, siblings, school, peers, teachers, future, reading, kids from other cultures, religion, romantic partner, mother, and father). This study will only include the friends, self-in-the-present, parents, peers, and future subscales. Participants rate each item on how accurate it is on a Likert scale ranging from Not true (1), Sort of True(2), True (3), and Very True (4). Higher scores indicate greater connectedness within the particular sphere that the subscale is measuring.

Difficulties in Emotion RegulationScale (DERS) is a 36-item measure of emotion regulation in adults and youth. Participants rate how frequently they experience each item on a scale of 1 (almost never), 2 (sometimes), 3 (about half the time), 4 (most of the time), 5 (almost always). The DERS consists of the 6 subscales: emotional clarity, emotional awareness, goal-orientation in the presence of distress, perceived access to ER strategies, ability to control impulsive behavior in the presence of distress, and nonacceptance of emotions. Higher scores indicate higher levels of difficulties in the particular type of emotion regulation difficulty assessed by each subscale.

The measure has been used in children and adolescents across a variety of ages and has good psychometric properties including good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, adequate construct, and predictive validity.

Self-Esteem will be measured by The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), a tool consisting of 10 statements rated on a four-point Likert scale. Each statement is rated on a scale from 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating higher self-esteem.