Defining the Normal Human Response to Probiotics

The study includes 3 visits. The first visit serves to check inclusion/exclusion criteria/complete questionnaire/give information about the study and receive consent. At visit 2 and 3 the included individuals will drink a placebo blend or a drink containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG®) and they will subsequently be biopsied from the upper intestine during endoscopy while under nurse administered propofol sedation (NAPS). There will be four weeks between visit 2 and 3.

At visit 2 and 3, biopsies will be taken from duodenum and jejunum, and luminal fluids will be collected, and one blood sample will be collected.

The down stream analysis will include a combination of gene expression analysis, microbiome analysis and classification of the individuals based on analysis of blood samples.

Inclusion criteria

• Healthy men or women
• No medication
• Age between 18 and 35 years
• BMI below 30
• Provided voluntary written informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• All clinical diagnoses and disorders requiring medicine
• Patient diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, colorectal cancer or suffering from irritable bowel syndrome.
• Pregnant and women who are breast-feeding
• Patient with known blood clothing disorders
• Patients with clinical psychiatric diagnoses (including dementia)
• Individuals who have undergone abdominal surgery, which might have effect on the GI function, except appendectomy and cholecystectomy
• Individuals with high blood pressure (≥140 mmHg /90 mmHg)
• Systemic use of antibiotics or steroids or antimicrobial medication in the last 4 months
• Daily usage of NSAID in the last 2 months or incidental use in the last 2 weeks prior to screening
• Usage of medications, except oral contraceptives, during the 14 days prior to screening
• Lactose intolerance
• Participation in other clinical trials in the past three months
• Regular use of probiotics in the last 6 weeks
• Smoking
• Planned changes to current diet or exercise regime
• Use of laxatives, anti-diarrheals, anti-cholinergics within last 4 weeks prior to screening
• Use of immunosuppressant drugs within last 4 weeks prior to screening
• Ulcer or malignancy in the intestine which is discovered during second visit