DBS and Respiration

A continuous cohort of Parkinson disease patients planned to undergo STN-DBS will be approached to participate in this study (i.e. every patient will be offered participation in the study). Over the same time period other DBS patients (GPi and VIM) will be approached before their implantation procedure to participate as controls/comparators. Participants will all be offered the full study, but will also be free to participate in a smaller number of activities if so chosen.

Patients will be assessed both pre-operatively and post-operatively where they will complete a compound respiratory questionnaire and tests of respiratory interoception and function. Post-operatively, these tests will be carried out with stimulation ON and OFF, the order of which will be randomised between patients.

Data on daily activity will be collected during pre- and post-operative windows, using a wearable pedometer/heart-rate monitor.

Positive findings of respiratory neuromodulation will be correlated between patients with structural connectivity (e.g. STN-insula.) from pre-operative MRI scans.

Inclusion criteria

• Participant is willing and able to give informed consent for participation in the study.
• Male or female, aged 18 years or above.
• Planned for required DBS surgery
• Fluent in the English language
• For experimental group: diagnosed with Parkinson's disease

Exclusion criteria

• Female who is pregnant
• Subject is currently participating in a clinical investigation that includes an active treatment arm which may affect the respiratory system.
• Acute respiratory problem at time of experimental session: e.g. rhinosinusitis, pharyngitis, asthma exacerbation