DASH Diet, Triglycerides and AIP in Parkinson's Disease

Primary outcomes

1. Questionnaire Form

   Time frame: 6 months

   Sociodemographic characteristics of the individuals (age, constipation status, presence of comorbidities, gender, smoking and alcohol use) were questioned.

2. Body weight (BW)

   Time frame: 6 months

   BW was measured using a calibrated digital scale placed on a flat, tiled surface. The scale was sensitive to 100 grams.

3. Height

   Time frame: 6 months

   Height was measured using a stadiometer with the participant's head positioned in the Frankfort plane and feet placed together.

4. Waist Circumference (WC)

   Time frame: 6 months

   WC was measured at the midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest (cristal point) using a flexible measuring tape.

5. Hip Circumference (HC)

   Time frame: 6 months

   HC was measured at the widest point of the hips using a flexible measuring tape.

6. Body Mass Index (BMI)

   Time frame: 6 months

   BMI was calculated by dividing body weight (in kilograms) by the square of height (in meters): BMI = weight (kg) / height² (m²).

7. Fasting Blood Glucose

   Time frame: 6 months

   Fasting blood glucose was measured using standard laboratory techniques during routine outpatient visits.

8. Triglycerides

   Time frame: 6 months

   Triglyceride levels were measured via fasting blood samples analyzed in the outpatient clinic laboratory.

9. LDL-Cholesterol

   Time frame: 6 months

   LDL-cholesterol was measured from fasting serum samples using standard enzymatic colorimetric methods.

10. HDL-Cholesterol

    Time frame: 6 months

    HDL-cholesterol was measured from fasting serum samples using standard enzymatic colorimetric methods.

11. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

    Time frame: 6 months

    CRP levels were measured using routine laboratory procedures in outpatient visits.

12. Vitamin D

    Time frame: 6 months

    Serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were assessed using chemiluminescence immunoassay methods in the outpatient clinic laboratory.

13. Folic Acid

    Time frame: 6 months

    Serum folic acid levels were measured using standard automated immunoassay techniques.immunoassay methods in the outpatient clinic laboratory.

14. Vitamin B12

    Time frame: 6 months

    Serum vitamin B12 concentrations were measured using automated chemiluminescent immunoassay.immunoassay methods in the outpatient clinic laboratory.

15. Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP)

    Time frame: 6 months

    AIP is a logarithmically transformed ratio of plasma triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [log₁₀(TG/HDL-C)], and it is used as a surrogate marker of atherogenicity and cardiovascular risk.

16. Monocyte-to-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio

    Time frame: 6 months

    A biomarker reflecting the balance between inflammatory status (monocytes) and anti-atherogenic lipid components (HDL-C); it has been proposed as an indicator of systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk.

17. Total Cholesterol-to-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio

    Time frame: 6 months

    A widely used index of atherogenic risk, representing the balance between total cholesterol and protective HDL-C, with higher values indicating increased cardiovascular risk.

18. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR)

    Time frame: 6 months

    A systemic inflammatory marker calculated as the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes, commonly used to assess inflammatory status and immune response.

19. Food consumption frequency

    Time frame: 6 months

    Participants were asked about the foods they consumed in the past month from seven groups, including five basic food groups (meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, bread and grains, vegetables and fruits, sugars and fats), beverages, and fast food. Participants were asked how often and in what quantities they consumed these foods using eight options: "every meal," "every day," "5-6 days a week," "3-4 days a week," "1-2 days a week," "once every 15 days," "once a month," and "never." In evaluating food consumption records, responses regarding food consumption frequency were calculated using food consumption frequency. The amounts of food and beverages consumed were multiplied by "3" for "every meal," '1' for "every day," "0.7855" for "5-6 times a week," "0.498" for "3-4 times a week," "0.2145" for "1-2 times a week," "0.067" for "once every 15 days," and "0.033" for "once a month" to obtain the daily average amounts.

20. Food consumption record

    Time frame: 6 months

    A single-day food consumption record was obtained using the 24-hour recall method to determine participants' food consumption patterns. The Food and Nutrition Photo Catalog was used to estimate portions to ensure that the amounts of food consumed were assessed accurately and reliably. Based on these records, daily energy and nutrient intakes were calculated using the Nutrition Information System (BEBİS) software, based on the type and amount of food consumed by individuals in the last 24 hours.

21. DASH diet compliance

    Time frame: 6 months

    Individuals' DASH diet compliance scores were calculated based on their food consumption frequency after their energy requirements were calculated. The highest possible score on the DASH diet compliance scale is 8.0. A score of 4.5 or above is considered 'high compliance', while a score below 4.5 is considered 'low compliance'.