Dance-Mindfulness Intervention for Well-Being in Recreational Adults

This study evaluates a study protocol for a 12-week Dance-Mindfulness intervention designed for recreational adult dancers in community dance schools. The intervention integrates modern dance training with mindfulness, somatic awareness, and polyvagal-informed regulation strategies, applied within an ISTD-based modern theatre dance curriculum. Existing evidence in somatic psychology and embodied movement practices suggests that combining dance with structured mindfulness may enhance emotional regulation, interoceptive awareness, stress reduction, and overall psychological well-being. However, most dance-based interventions occur outside regular dance classes and often target clinical or professional populations. This trial addresses an important gap by implementing a standardized mindfulness-enhanced protocol within routine recreational dance instruction.

Mindfulness practices, including breath regulation and non-judgmental attention to bodily sensations, are associated with improvements in anxiety, mood, and life satisfaction. Dance offers a unique context for embodied learning, combining rhythm, movement sequencing, creative expression, and social interaction. The Dance-Mindfulness protocol integrates these elements to support autonomic regulation, grounding, and embodied awareness during dance practice. Polyvagal principles related to safety, vagal tone, and co-regulation inform specific breathing patterns and pacing. The intervention is structured to enhance psychological engagement with dance, promote meaning-making through movement, and support sustained focus, thus linking contemplative practices with artistic training.

Participants allocated to the intervention attend one weekly session (90-100 minutes) over 12 weeks. Sessions follow a structured curriculum with three progressive phases:

Foundations (Weeks 1-4): grounding practices, breath awareness, interoceptive techniques, and gentle preparatory movement.

Embodied Exploration (Weeks 5-8): integration of ISTD syllabus exercises with mindful pacing, sensory modulation, and guided improvisation.

Expressive Integration (Weeks 9-12): creative tasks, choreography, reflective processes, and strategies for self-regulation during movement.

Each session includes a combination of somatic exercises, mindful movement sequences, modern dance technique, creative exploration, and brief reflective journaling. Instruction is invitational, supporting autonomy, choice, and safety. Environmental conditions (e.g., floor safety, sound levels, lighting) follow standardized preparation procedures across all participating studios to ensure consistent implementation.

Participants assigned to the control group continue their usual dance activities for 12 weeks. Activities that incorporate explicit mindfulness or mind-body components (e.g., yoga, Pilates, tai chi) are excluded during the study period. Control participants do not receive any mindfulness training. After completion of post-intervention assessments, they are offered access to the Dance-Mindfulness program.

All eligible participants complete baseline assessments before randomization (T0) and post-intervention assessments at Week 12 (T2). Measures include psychological well-being, mindfulness, happiness, stress, anxiety, depression, and psychological involvement in dance. These standardized instruments are administered on paper by the site coordinator. A subset of participants provides qualitative data through semi-structured interviews and weekly reflective journaling to explore perceived changes in embodiment, emotional awareness, and personal meaning related to dance. Interviews occur after Week 12 using a structured guide.

To ensure consistency across dance schools, facilitators use a standardized Intervention Manual. Fidelity is supported through session checklists, facilitator notes, and occasional independent observations. All facilitators hold appropriate qualifications in dance teaching, mindfulness-based methods, and safe movement instruction.

The intervention is low-risk and consistent with activities typical in recreational dance settings. Potential physical risks include mild fatigue or muscle soreness. Psychological risks are minimal but may include temporary emotional discomfort associated with contemplative practices. Participants may pause or withdraw at any time. Any adverse events are documented and reported according to institutional guidelines.

This trial aims to determine whether integrating mindfulness into recreational dance practice improves psychological well-being, enhances mindfulness and happiness, reduces stress and negative mood states, and increases psychological engagement with dance. The qualitative component seeks to deepen understanding of how participants experience embodied awareness, emotional regulation, and meaning-making throughout the 12-week process. The study will contribute new evidence regarding mindfulness-based movement interventions in non-clinical adult populations and within naturalistic community dance settings.

Inclusion criteria

• Adults aged 18 years and older
• Enrolled in dance classes (preferring modern/contemporary) at participating schools for at least 6 months prior to study enrollment
• Able and willing to attend weekly sessions for 12 consecutive weeks (minimum 70% attendance required)
• Able to understand and complete study questionnaires in Greek language
• Able to engage in moderate-intensity movement and dance activities without acute medical contraindications
• Written informed consent provided
• Willing to be randomly assigned to intervention or waitlist control group

Exclusion criteria

• Musculoskeletal or neurological conditions limiting safe participation in moderate-intensity movement (e.g., acute injury, severe arthritis, neurological disease affecting coordination/balance)
• Current severe psychological distress or mental health crisis requiring immediate clinical intervention (screened via DASS-21; cutoff: Severe or Extremely Severe on any subscale)
• Pregnancy or planning pregnancy during the 12-week study period
• Current concurrent participation in other psychological interventions, therapy, or mind-body programs (Pilates, yoga, tai-chi, other mindfulness-based interventions)
• Unable to attend ≥70% of weekly sessions due to scheduling constraints or anticipated absences
• Inability to provide informed consent or complete questionnaires in Greek
• Acute medical illness or hospitalization within 2 weeks of study start
• History of substance abuse disorder currently active or untreated