Dairy Choline Bioavailability

This study is intended to evaluate the bioavailability and metabolism of choline in WPPC compared to the most commonly -used food for bioavailable choline, whole egg. The intent of the evaluation is to improve the knowledge of how WPPC contributes to the nutritional needs and health of postmenopausal women.

Inclusion criteria

• Ages between 51 and 70
• Is currently post-menopausal (Post-menopausal is a term used to describe the time in a woman's life after she has gone through menopause. This usually happens between the ages of 45 and 55. Menopause is when a woman's menstrual periods stop permanently (at least 12 months))
• Not allergic to the intervention foods and allergens that are related to the production of intervention foods (e.g. dairy products, egg, fish, peanut, shellfish, soy, tree nuts, wheat, crustaceans, gluten, mollusks, mustard, sesame seeds.)
• Had stable body weight (± 5%) for the past 6 months
• Free from cancer
• Did not have weight loss surgery, colon surgery
• Do not have chronic kidney diseases
• Do not have malabsorption towards fat and dairy products
• Willing to complete health surveys
• Willing to complete two 4-day food diaries
• Willing to consume the intervention beverages
• Willing to provide blood, urine, fecal samples at baseline and after 10 days of intervention

Exclusion criteria

• On weight loss/weight gain diets
• Diagnosed with fat malabsorption
• Undergoing weight loss surgery
• Diagnosed with chronic kidney diseases
• Allergic to the intervention foods and allergens that are related to the production of intervention foods (e.g. dairy products, egg, chocolate, fish, peanut, shellfish, soy, tree nuts, wheat, crustaceans, gluten, mollusks, mustard, sesame seeds, banana, strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, blueberry.)
• Regularly using antibiotics or probiotics or prebiotics
• Regularly using Orlistat or Cetilistat
• Regularly using laxatives
• Undergoing hormone replacement therapy, or receiving hormones in any forms
• Unable to avoid strenuous exercise during the study (>4 h intense exercise per day)