Custom Insole With Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Clinical Outcomes of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a significant complication of diabetes, carry a high risk of amputation and disability, and affect around 6.3% of diabetic patients globally. Risk factors for DFUs include pre-ulcerative lesions, mechanical pressure, restricted mobility, and poor glycemic control. Peripheral neuropathy plays a crucial role in DFU development, causing structural and functional changes in the foot.

Offloading interventions, such as prefabricated orthotics and custom insoles, are essential for preventing DFU development and promoting ulcer healing. Physiotherapy modalities like therapeutic exercise and electrotherapy can assist in tissue repair and pain management. Orthotic management complements rehabilitation efforts, potentially reducing the risk of wound development. Further research on the combined benefits of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and customized insoles for DFUs is necessary to enhance clinical outcomes.

Inclusion criteria

• 18-60 years old with type 1 and 2 diabetes
• Both Males and Females
• Having Foot ulcers in Grade 1 and Grade 2 according to the Wagner Classification

Exclusion criteria

• History of amputation (proximal to the trans-metatarsal joint)
• Active or inactive Charcot foot
• Non-constructible peripheral vascular disease secondary to arteriosclerosis (AS)
• Leg length discrepancy
• The presence of any allergic condition of the skin,
• Chronic consumption of opioids,
• Use of a cardiac pacemaker,
• Major bone operation,
• Neurological illness, such as a vestibular disorder with a history of dizziness 10. Mental disorders, which might interfere with the assessment process

• Dementia or impaired cognitive function