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Completed

NCT Number: NCT02383225

Culturally Grounded Early Substance Use Prevention for American Indian Families

This study involves adaptation, implementation, and rigorous evaluation of a family-based program designed to prevent early initiation of substance use on a Northern Plains Indian reservation. The program, Thiwáhe Gluwáš'akapi, is a cultural adaptation of the Iowa Strengthening Families Program for Parents and Youth 10-14. Youth and their parents/caregivers will participate in weekly group sessions for 7 weeks and complete pre- and post-intervention surveys assessing a variety of risk and protective factors and youth outcomes. The evaluation design will allow the assessment of the effectiveness of different components within the program.

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Key information

Conditions

Substance Use Chemically-Induced Disorders Mental Disorders Substance-Related Disorders

Age range

10 year–85 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus

Aurora, Colorado, 80045, United States

About this study

Feasibility Pilot

A feasibility pilot for the Thiwáhe Gluwáš'akapi (TG) program will be conducted in the Spring of 2015. In the pilot, the intervention will be delivered to two groups of youth and families and the implementation process will be carefully evaluated to determine what works well and where further adaptation of the intervention or the study procedures may be necessary. Particular attention will be paid to retention of families and, if possible, any who drop out will be interviewed to understand barriers to participation.

As with the intervention evaluation itself (see below) youth aged 10-14 will be recruited to participate, along with their parents and/or other adults (up to 3 adults per child) who are actively involved in raising them (e.g., grandparents, aunts, uncles). Pilot groups will be conducted in each of two different communities on the reservation.

Once the feasibility pilot is complete, the intervention will be finalized for efficacy evaluation. Tasks for this phase will include refining the manual for the intervention and further developing training materials for interventionists.

Implementation/Component Evaluation

The formal evaluation of TG will begin in the fall of 2015 and will utilize the principles of Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST; Collins et al., 2009) for intervention development and a fractional factorial design to evaluate the relative effectiveness of different components within the intervention. Three components will be evaluated: (1) A Lakota language enhancement (Lakota), (2) a Facebook social media enhancement (FB), and (3) substance use resistance skill content (SU). A total of 24 intervention groups will be randomly assigned to one of 4 MOST design conditions, with the content of each condition determined using SAS PROC FACTEX, as recommended by Collins, et al, 2009. All 4 conditions will consist of the basic TG program, each supplemented by one or more of 3 components designated above: Condition A will include the substance use resistance content (SU; no Lakota or FB); Condition B will include the FB social media supplement (FB; no Lakota or SU); Condition C will include the Lakota language enhancement (Lakota; no FB or SU); and Condition D will include all three components (Lakota + FB + SU).

A cumulative evidence design will be utilized, with the intervention implemented in 5 cohorts across 3 years. The intervention will be delivered to 4 groups (8 families each) in Cohort 1 in the fall of 2015. Additional cohorts will receive the intervention each fall and spring through 2017 as follows: Cohort 2, Spring 2016, 4 groups; Cohort 3, Fall 2016, 6 groups; Cohort 4, Spring 2017, 6 groups; and Cohort 5, Fall 2017, 4 groups. Thus, by the end of 2017, 24 intervention groups (each 8 families, total of 192 families) will have participated in the TG program. Cohorts will be randomly assigned to the 4 MOST design conditions in order to control for potential order of implementation effects.

Power analysis

Power analyses suggest that this design will result in adequate power (>.80) to detect a small effect (d=.15) with 48 families per condition; for the 4 conditions in the design, this will require a total of 192 families (not including 16 pilot families). TG, following Iowa Strengthening Families Program (ISFP) recommendations, will be delivered in family groups of 8 families each; thus, in order to involve 192 families, we plan a total of 24 intervention groups, with 6 in each the 4 experimental conditions. Each component targeted for evaluation will be implemented in 2 of the 4 conditions (see conditions A-B above), and estimates of each effect will thus be based on marginal Ns of 96 families. As is standard with MOST designs, there will not be a no-intervention control group nor will there be a group that receives every component. While this is a different approach than an randomized controlled trial (RCT) design, it is a rigorous and optimal approach for identifying the most effective components to include in an intervention. The intervention created using this process will be ready for a standard RCT evaluation, and more likely to be proven effective there.

Implementation evaluation

Fidelity across implementations will be ensured by using a detailed manual of procedures, providing extensive training for interventionists, and using fidelity logs to asses delivery of key session components. The intervention director, a clinical psychologist, will observe sessions periodically and verify the extent to which implementation is occurring with fidelity to the TG program manual.

Efficacy evaluation

The primary impetus for the development and implementation of the TG program is the desire to reduce risk for substance abuse problems among American Indian adolescents by preventing early initiation of substance use. Assessment of the success of the TG program components will hinge on observed impacts on substance use initiation and on the putative mediators of parental self-efficacy, strengthened family relationships, and cultural knowledge and values. Given the short timeline of the outcome evaluations (limited to 6 months post-intervention), effects on mediators are anticipated to stronger than distal effects on behavioral outcomes.

Measures

Measures used to assess study outcomes draw heavily from the investigators' previous research with young American Indian adolescents and their parents, and from previous evaluations of the Iowa Strengthening Families Program for Parents and Youth 10-14. Two instruments will be used to assess an array of outcomes expected to be affected by the TG intervention, along with demographic data: a Parent Survey (for parents and other caregivers participating in the TG program with youth), and a Youth Survey. Both the Parent Survey and Youth Survey will be administered electronically, using tablet computers connected to the Internet, with data uploaded directly. In addition, a Social Network Survey will be administered (either on an electronic tablet or on paper) to participating parents/caregivers; this survey is designed to assess the strength of the connections among participants in the program, both before and after participation in the program. A small number of participants (3-4) in each group assigned to the FaceBook condition will be asked to participate in Exit Interviews (by phone) to ascertain their use of and response to the social media messages provided between TG sessions. Data will also be captured from Facebook, including page visits, posts, and responses to online quizzes. Finally, participants will be asked to complete a Program Evaluation Form (Parent or Youth versions, on paper) at their last TG session, to provide feedback on the program and facilitators.

Data Collection Schedule

Time 1 - One week prior to the first TG session: Parent and Youth surveys (all participants).

Time 2 - First TG session: Social Network Surveys (adults).

Time 3 - One week after last TG session: Parent and Youth Surveys (all participants); Social Network Survey (adults)

Time 4 - Within two weeks after final TG session: FaceBook Exit Interviews (3-4 adult participants in each condition including the FaceBook supplement)

Time 5 - Approximately 6 months after the last TG session: Parent and Youth Surveys (all participants in the first two intervention cohorts)

Analyses

The simplest analyses for the evaluation of the TG program, using the MOST design, will involve analysis of variance (ANOVA), using the fractional factorial design described above, comparing post-intervention values (Time 3 and Time 5) on both mediators and outcomes across conditions (assuming that randomization across conditions will result in roughly equivalent pre-intervention values). Repeated measures ANOVA will also be performed, including both pre- and post-intervention measures, looking for interactions between time and condition. Finally, multivariate ANOVAs will be estimated for groups of outcome variables, to examine patterns of effects across outcomes. For all analyses, the focus will be on effect sizes (rather than significance tests and p values) to compare effect sizes across components to guide decisions about what should be retained in the optimized TG intervention. As noted above, standard errors will be adjusted to account for intraclass correlations and clustering of families within intervention groups. Analyses of the Social Network Measure will focus on assessing density and cohesion at the network level, to address two primary questions: First, do network characteristics at the beginning of the program (pre-existing relationships within intervention groups) modify the effect of the TG intervention within those groups and, second, do network characteristics change over the course of the TG intervention as new relationships are formed and existing relationships changed. Analyses will be conducted using UCINET or similar social network analysis software. Analyses of the Facebook data will be primarily descriptive, examining the frequency with which participants engage with the Facebook page for their TG group by posting comments, or responding to polls or quizzes. Exploratory analyses may be used to examine correlations between group rates of Facebook use and group-level outcomes, such as increased cohesion as measured by the Social Network Analysis. Analyses of Facebook Exit Interviews will be primarily notes-based content analysis and will involve three major stages of analysis: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Youth aged 10-14 years and their families, with connection to the South Dakota Indian Reservation where the study is being conducted. Families may include parents, extended family, guardians, and others living in the household.

Exclusion criteria

  • Individuals without a child in the family aged 10-14 will not be allowed to participate.
  • Youth who are not between 10 and 14 years of age will not be allowed to participate.

Treatment and study plan

Lakota Language enhancement

Behavioral

This intervention component includes more extensive adaptation for Lakota families, focusing on use of Lakota language specifically around relationship/kinship terms. Study arms without this component will include the same adapted intervention but with use of English language rather than Lakota.

Facebook Supplement

Behavioral

This intervention component includes a social media supplement to engage families outside of weekly intervention sessions and will include postings and polls for participating parents/other caregivers to complete between sessions.

Substance Use Resistance Skills

Behavioral

This intervention component consists of the original substance use resistance skills training from the Iowa Strengthening Families Program for Parents and Youth 10-14; arms without this component will include a session on healthy eating and exercise (attention control).

Primary outcomes

  1. Youth lifetime alcohol use

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of alcohol use

  2. Youth lifetime alcohol use

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of alcohol use

  3. Youth lifetime alcohol use

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of alcohol use

  4. Youth past-month alcohol use

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month alcohol use

  5. Youth past-month alcohol use

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month alcohol use

  6. Youth past-month alcohol use

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month alcohol use

  7. Youth maximum alcohol use in past month

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean maximum quantity of past month alcohol consumption

  8. Youth maximum alcohol use in past month

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean maximum quantity of past month alcohol consumption

  9. Youth maximum alcohol use in past month

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean maximum quantity of past month alcohol consumption

  10. Youth age of first alcohol use

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean age of first alcohol use

  11. Youth age of first alcohol use

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first alcohol use

  12. Youth age of first alcohol use

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first alcohol use

  13. Youth lifetime cigarette use

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of cigarette use

  14. Youth lifetime cigarette use

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of cigarette use

  15. Youth lifetime cigarette use

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of cigarette use

  16. Youth past-month cigarette use

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month cigarette use

  17. Youth past-month cigarette use

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month cigarette use

  18. Youth past-month cigarette use

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month cigarette use

  19. Youth age of first cigarette use

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean age of first cigarette use

  20. Youth age of first cigarette use

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first cigarette use

  21. Youth age of first cigarette use

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month cigarette use

  22. Youth prevalence of smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of smokeless tobacco use

  23. Youth prevalence of smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of smokeless tobacco use

  24. Youth prevalence of smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of smokeless tobacco use

  25. Youth frequency of past-month smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month smokeless tobacco use

  26. Youth frequency of past-month smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month smokeless tobacco use

  27. Youth frequency of past-month smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month smokeless tobacco use

  28. Youth age of first smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean age of first smokeless tobacco use

  29. Youth age of first smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first smokeless tobacco use

  30. Youth age of first smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first smokeless tobacco use

  31. Youth lifetime prevalence of e-cigarette use

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of e-cigarette use

  32. Youth lifetime prevalence of e-cigarette use

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of e-cigarette use

  33. Youth lifetime prevalence of e-cigarette use

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of e-cigarette use

  34. Youth past-month e-cigarette use

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month e-cigarette use

  35. Youth past-month e-cigarette use

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month e-cigarette use

  36. Youth past-month e-cigarette use

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month e-cigarette use

  37. Youth lifetime marijuana use

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of marijuana use

  38. Youth lifetime marijuana use

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of marijuana use

  39. Youth lifetime marijuana use

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of marijuana use

  40. Youth past-month marijuana use

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month marijuana use

  41. Youth past-month marijuana use

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month marijuana use

  42. Youth past-month marijuana use

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month marijuana us

  43. Youth age of first marijuana use

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean age of first marijuana use

  44. Youth age of first marijuana use

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first marijuana use

  45. Youth age of first marijuana use

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first marijuana use

  46. Youth lifetime prevalence of huffing glue/gas

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of huffing

  47. Youth lifetime prevalence of huffing glue/gas

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of huffing

  48. Youth lifetime prevalence of huffing glue/gas

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of huffing

  49. Youth past-month huffing

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month huffing

  50. Youth past-month huffing

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month huffing

  51. Youth past-month huffing

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month huffing

  52. Youth age of first huffing

    Time frame: Baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean age of first huffing

  53. Youth age of first huffing

    Time frame: Post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first huffing

  54. Youth age of first huffing

    Time frame: Follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first huffing

Secondary outcomes

  1. Youth perceived consistency of parental discipline practices

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean perceived consistency of parental discipline practices score

  2. Youth perceived consistency of parental discipline practices

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived consistency of parental discipline practices score

  3. Youth perceived consistency of parental discipline practices

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived consistency of parental discipline practices score

  4. Youth perceived parental standard setting

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean perceived parental standard setting score

  5. Youth perceived parental standard setting

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parental standard setting score

  6. Youth perceived parental standard setting

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parental standard setting score

  7. Youth perceived parental monitoring

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean perceived parental monitoring score

  8. Youth perceived parental monitoring

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parental monitoring score

  9. Youth perceived parental monitoring

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parental monitoring score

  10. Youth perceived parental positive affect

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean perceived parental positive affect score

  11. Youth perceived parental positive affect

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parental positive affect score

  12. Youth perceived parental positive affect

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parental positive affect score

  13. Youth perceived parental approval

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean perceived parental approval score

  14. Youth perceived parental approval

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parental approval score

  15. Youth perceived parental approval

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parental approval score

  16. Youth perceived parental negative affect

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean perceived parental negative affect score

  17. Youth perceived parental negative affect

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parental negative affect score

  18. Youth perceived parental negative affect

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parental negative affect score

  19. Youth perceived parent-child communication

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean perceived parent-child communication score

  20. Youth perceived parent-child communication

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parent-child communication score

  21. Youth perceived parent-child communication

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parent-child communication score

  22. Youth perceived parent-child communication about alcohol and drugs

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean perceived parent-child communication about alcohol and drugs score

  23. Youth perceived parent-child communication about alcohol and drugs

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parent-child communication about alcohol and drugs score

  24. Youth perceived parent-child communication about alcohol and drugs

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parent-child communication about alcohol and drugs score

  25. Youth perceived enforcement of family rules

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean perceived enforcement of family rules score

  26. Youth perceived enforcement of family rules

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion); follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived enforcement of family rules score

  27. Youth perceived enforcement of family rules

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived enforcement of family rules score

  28. Youth perceived parental autonomy support

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean perceived parental autonomy support score

  29. Youth perceived parental autonomy support

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion); follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parental autonomy support score

  30. Youth perceived parental autonomy support

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean perceived parental autonomy support score

  31. Parent-child shared activities - youth report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Count of parent-child shared activities

  32. Parent-child shared activities - youth report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Count of parent-child shared activities

  33. Parent-child shared activities - youth report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Count of parent-child shared activities

  34. Family cohesion - youth report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean family cohesion score

  35. Family cohesion - youth report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean family cohesion score

  36. Family cohesion - youth report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean family cohesion score

  37. Family conflict resolution - youth report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean family conflict resolution score

  38. Family conflict resolution - youth report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean family conflict resolution score

  39. Family conflict resolution - youth report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean family conflict resolution score

  40. Family expressiveness - youth report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean family expressiveness score

  41. Family expressiveness - youth report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean family expressiveness score

  42. Family expressiveness - youth report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean family expressiveness score

  43. Lakota cultural socialization - youth report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean Lakota cultural socialization score

  44. Lakota cultural socialization - youth report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean Lakota cultural socialization score

  45. Lakota cultural socialization - youth report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean Lakota cultural socialization score

  46. Youth perceived parental disapproval of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean disapproval of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana score

  47. Youth perceived parental disapproval of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean disapproval of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana score

  48. Youth perceived parental disapproval of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean disapproval of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana score

  49. Descriptive norms for alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana - youth report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean descriptive norms for alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana score

  50. Descriptive norms for alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana - youth report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean descriptive norms for alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana score

  51. Descriptive norms for alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana - youth report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean descriptive norms for alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana score

  52. Youth antisocial behavior

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean antisocial behavior score

  53. Youth antisocial behavior

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean antisocial behavior score

  54. Youth antisocial behavior

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean antisocial behavior score

  55. Youth prosocial behavior

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean prosocial behavior score

  56. Youth prosocial behavior

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean prosocial behavior score

  57. Youth prosocial behavior

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean prosocial behavior score

  58. Youth deviant peer influences

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean deviant peer influences score

  59. Youth deviant peer influences

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean deviant peer influences score

  60. Youth deviant peer influences

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean deviant peer influences score

  61. Youth prosocial peer influences

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean prosocial peer influences score

  62. Youth prosocial peer influences

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean prosocial peer influences score

  63. Youth prosocial peer influences

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean prosocial peer influences score

  64. Youth peer resistance skills

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean peer resistance skills score

  65. Youth peer resistance skills

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean peer resistance skills score

  66. Youth peer resistance skills

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean peer resistance skills score

  67. Youth lifetime history of stressful life events

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Count of stressful events

  68. Youth lifetime history of stressful life events

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Count of stressful events

  69. Youth lifetime history of stressful life events

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Count of stressful events

  70. Youth stress management skills

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean stress management skills score

  71. Youth stress management skills

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean stress management skills score

  72. Youth stress management skills

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean stress management skills score

  73. Youth psychological well-being

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean psychological well-being score

  74. Youth psychological well-being

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean psychological well-being score

  75. Youth psychological well-being

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean psychological well-being score

  76. Youth knowledge of Lakota kinship terminology

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Count of correct Lakota kinship terms

  77. Youth knowledge of Lakota kinship terminology

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Count of correct Lakota kinship terms

  78. Youth knowledge of Lakota kinship terminology

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Count of correct Lakota kinship terms

  79. Youth self-esteem

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean self-esteem score

  80. Youth self-esteem

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean self-esteem score

  81. Youth self-esteem

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean self-esteem score

  82. General parent-child communication - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean general parent-child communication score

  83. General parent-child communication - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean general parent-child communication score

  84. General parent-child communication - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean general parent-child communication score

  85. Parent-child communication about family issues - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean general parent-child communication about family issues score

  86. Parent-child communication about family issues - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean general parent-child communication about family issues score

  87. Parent-child communication about family issues - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean general parent-child communication about family issues score

  88. Parent-child communication about alcohol and drugs - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean parent-child communication about alcohol and drugs score

  89. Parent-child communication about alcohol and drugs - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean parent-child communication about alcohol and drugs score

  90. Parent-child communication about alcohol and drugs - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean parent-child communication about alcohol and drugs score

  91. Parent/guardian report of youth behavior

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean youth behavior score

  92. Parent/guardian report of youth behavior

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean youth behavior score

  93. Parent/guardian report of youth behavior

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean youth behavior score

  94. Parent/guardian report parent-child shared activities

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Count of shared activities

  95. Parent/guardian report parent-child shared activities

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Count of shared activities

  96. Parent/guardian report parent-child shared activities

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Count of shared activities

  97. Parental monitoring - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean parental monitoring score

  98. Parental monitoring - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean parental monitoring score

  99. Parental monitoring - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean parental monitoring score

  100. General family rules - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean family rules score

  101. General family rules - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean family rules score

  102. General family rules - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean family rules score

  103. Family rules about substance use - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean substance use rules score

  104. Family rules about substance use - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean substance use rules score

  105. Family rules about substance use - parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean substance use rules score

  106. Parent discipline practices

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean parent discipline practices score

  107. Parent discipline practices

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean parent discipline practices score

  108. Parent discipline practices

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean parent discipline practices score

  109. Other household member discipline practices

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean other household member discipline practices score

  110. Other household member discipline practices

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean other household member discipline practices score

  111. Other household member discipline practices

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean other household member discipline practices score

  112. Standard setting

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean standard setting score

  113. Standard setting

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean standard setting score

  114. Standard setting

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean standard setting score

  115. Parent-child conflict, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean parent-child conflict score

  116. Parent-child conflict, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean parent-child conflict score

  117. Parent-child conflict, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean parent-child conflict score

  118. Parent support, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean parent support score

  119. Parent support, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean parent support score

  120. Parent support, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean parent support score

  121. Parental positive affect, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean parental positive affect score

  122. Parental positive affect, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean parental positive affect score

  123. Parental positive affect, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean parental positive affect score

  124. Parental negative affect, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean parental negative affect score

  125. Parental negative affect, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean parental negative affect score

  126. Parental negative affect, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean parental negative affect score

  127. Parental anger management, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean parental anger management score

  128. Parental anger management, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean parental anger management score

  129. Parental anger management, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean parental anger management score

  130. Parental self-efficacy

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean parental self-efficacy

  131. Parental self-efficacy

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean parental self-efficacy

  132. Parental self-efficacy

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean parental self-efficacy

  133. Family meetings, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean family meetings score

  134. Family meetings, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean family meetings score

  135. Family meetings, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean family meetings score

  136. Family cohesion, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean family cohesion score

  137. Family cohesion, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion

    Mean family cohesion score

  138. Family cohesion, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean family cohesion score

  139. Family conflict resolution, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean family conflict resolution score

  140. Family conflict resolution, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean family conflict resolution score

  141. Family conflict resolution, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean family conflict resolution score

  142. Family expressiveness, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean family expressiveness score

  143. Family expressiveness, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean family expressiveness score

  144. Family expressiveness, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean family expressiveness score

  145. Lakota cultural socialization, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean Lakota cultural socialization score

  146. Lakota cultural socialization, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean Lakota cultural socialization score

  147. Lakota cultural socialization, parent/guardian report

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean Lakota cultural socialization score

  148. Lakota parenting practices

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean Lakota parenting practices score

  149. Lakota parenting practices

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean Lakota parenting practices score

  150. Lakota parenting practices

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean Lakota parenting practices score

  151. Knowledge of Lakota kinship terminology

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Count of correct Lakota kinship terms

  152. Knowledge of Lakota kinship terminology

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Count of correct Lakota kinship terms

  153. Knowledge of Lakota kinship terminology

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Count of correct Lakota kinship terms

  154. Parent lifetime alcohol use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of alcohol use

  155. Parent lifetime alcohol use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of alcohol use

  156. Parent lifetime alcohol use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of alcohol use

  157. Parent past month alcohol use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month alcohol use

  158. Parent past month alcohol use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month alcohol use

  159. Parent past month alcohol use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month alcohol use

  160. Parent past month alcohol use quantity

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean usual quantity of past month alcohol consumption

  161. Parent past month alcohol use quantity

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean usual quantity of past month alcohol consumption

  162. Parent past month alcohol use quantity

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean usual quantity of past month alcohol consumption

  163. Parent past month alcohol use maximum quantity

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean maximum quantity of past month alcohol consumption

  164. Parent past month alcohol use maximum quantity

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean maximum quantity of past month alcohol consumption

  165. Parent past month alcohol use maximum quantity

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean maximum quantity of past month alcohol consumption

  166. Parent past month alcohol use usual quantity

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean usual quantity of past month alcohol consumption

  167. Parent past month alcohol use usual quantity

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean usual quantity of past month alcohol consumption

  168. Parent past month alcohol use usual quantity

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean usual quantity of past month alcohol consumption

  169. Parent past month alcohol intoxication frequency

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month alcohol intoxication

  170. Parent past month alcohol intoxication frequency

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month alcohol intoxication

  171. Parent past month alcohol intoxication frequency

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month alcohol intoxication

  172. Parent first age of alcohol use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean age of first alcohol use

  173. Parent first age of alcohol use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first alcohol use

  174. Parent first age of alcohol use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first alcohol use

  175. Parent first age of alcohol intoxication

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean age of first alcohol intoxication

  176. Parent first age of alcohol intoxication

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first alcohol intoxication

  177. Parent first age of alcohol intoxication

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first alcohol intoxication

  178. Parent lifetime cigarette use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of cigarette use

  179. Parent lifetime cigarette use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of cigarette use

  180. Parent lifetime cigarette use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of cigarette use

  181. Parent past month cigarette use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency and quantity of past month cigarette use

  182. Parent past month cigarette use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency and quantity of past month cigarette use

  183. Parent past month cigarette use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency and quantity of past month cigarette use

  184. Parent age of first cigarette use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean age of first cigarette use

  185. Parent age of first cigarette use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first cigarette use

  186. Parent age of first cigarette use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first cigarette use

  187. Parent lifetime smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of smokeless tobacco use

  188. Parent lifetime smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of smokeless tobacco use

  189. Parent lifetime smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of smokeless tobacco use

  190. Parent past month smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency and quantity of past month smokeless tobacco use

  191. Parent past month smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency and quantity of past month smokeless tobacco use

  192. Parent past month smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency and quantity of past month smokeless tobacco use

  193. Parent age of first smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean age of first smokeless tobacco use

  194. Parent age of first smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first smokeless tobacco use

  195. Parent age of first smokeless tobacco use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first smokeless tobacco use

  196. Parent lifetime e-cigarette use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of e-cigarette use

  197. Parent lifetime e-cigarette use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of e-cigarette use

  198. Parent lifetime e-cigarette use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of e-cigarette use

  199. Parent frequency of past-month e-cigarette use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month e-cigarette use

  200. Parent frequency of past-month e-cigarette use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month e-cigarette use

  201. Parent frequency of past-month e-cigarette use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month e-cigarette use

  202. Parent lifetime marijuana use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of marijuana use

  203. Parent lifetime marijuana use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of marijuana use

  204. Parent lifetime marijuana use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of marijuana use

  205. Parent past-month marijuana use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month marijuana use

  206. Parent past-month marijuana use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month marijuana use

  207. Parent past-month marijuana use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month marijuana use

  208. Parent age of first marijuana use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean age of first marijuana use

  209. Parent age of first marijuana use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first marijuana use

  210. Parent age of first marijuana use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first marijuana use

  211. Parent lifetime huffing

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of huffing/inhalant use

  212. Parent lifetime huffing

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of huffing/inhalant use

  213. Parent lifetime huffing

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of huffing/inhalant use

  214. Parent past month huffing

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month huffing/inhalant use

  215. Parent past month huffing

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month huffing/inhalant use

  216. Parent past month huffing

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month huffing/inhalant use

  217. Parent age of first huffing

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean age of first huffing/inhalant use

  218. Parent age of first huffing

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first huffing/inhalant use

  219. Parent age of first huffing

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean age of first huffing/inhalant use

  220. Parent lifetime use of non-prescription painkillers

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of non-prescription painkiller use

  221. Parent lifetime use of non-prescription painkillers

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion

    Lifetime prevalence of non-prescription painkiller use

  222. Parent lifetime use of non-prescription painkillers

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of non-prescription painkiller use

  223. Parent past month non-prescription painkiller use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month non-prescription painkiller use

  224. Parent past month non-prescription painkiller use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month non-prescription painkiller use

  225. Parent past month non-prescription painkiller use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month non-prescription painkiller use

  226. Parent lifetime stimulant use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of stimulant use

  227. Parent lifetime stimulant use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of stimulant use

  228. Parent lifetime stimulant use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of stimulant use

  229. Parent past month stimulant use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month huffing/inhalant use

  230. Parent past month stimulant use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month huffing/inhalant use

  231. Parent past month stimulant use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month huffing/inhalant use

  232. Parent lifetime sedative use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of sedative use

  233. Parent lifetime sedative use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of sedative use

  234. Parent lifetime sedative use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of sedative use

  235. Parent past month sedative use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month sedative use

  236. Parent past month sedative use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month sedative use

  237. Parent past month sedative use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month sedative use

  238. Parent lifetime heroin use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of heroin use

  239. Parent lifetime heroin use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of heroin use

  240. Parent lifetime heroin use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of heroin use

  241. Parent past month heroin use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month heroin use

  242. Parent past month heroin use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month heroin use

  243. Parent past month heroin use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month heroin use

  244. Parent lifetime methamphetamine use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of methamphetamine use

  245. Parent lifetime methamphetamine use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of methamphetamine use

  246. Parent lifetime methamphetamine use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of methamphetamine use

  247. Parent past month methamphetamine use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month methamphetamine use

  248. Parent past month methamphetamine use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month methamphetamine use

  249. Parent past month methamphetamine use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month methamphetamine use

  250. Parent lifetime hallucinogen use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of hallucinogen use

  251. Parent lifetime hallucinogen use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of hallucinogen use

  252. Parent lifetime hallucinogen use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of hallucinogen use

  253. Parent past month hallucinogen use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month hallucinogen use

  254. Parent past month hallucinogen use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month hallucinogen use

  255. Parent past month hallucinogen use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month hallucinogen use

  256. Parent lifetime club drug use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of club drug use

  257. Parent lifetime club drug use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of club drug use

  258. Parent lifetime club drug use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of club drug use

  259. Parent past month club drug use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month club drug use

  260. Parent past month club drug use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month club drug use

  261. Parent past month club drug use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month club drug use

  262. Parent lifetime cocaine/crack use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of cocaine/crack use

  263. Parent lifetime cocaine/crack use

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of cocaine/crack use

  264. Parent lifetime cocaine/crack use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of cocaine/crack use

  265. Parent past month cocaine/crack use

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean frequency of past month cocaine/crack use

  266. Parent past month cocaine/crack use

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean frequency of past month cocaine/crack use

  267. Parent HIV risk behavior

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Lifetime prevalence of HIV risk behavior

  268. Parent HIV risk behavior

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of HIV risk behavior

  269. Parent HIV risk behavior

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Lifetime prevalence of HIV risk behavior

  270. Parent psychological distress

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean psychological distress score

  271. Parent psychological distress

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean psychological distress score

  272. Parent psychological distress

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean psychological distress score

  273. Parent life satisfaction

    Time frame: baseline (1 week before program start)

    Mean life satisfaction score

  274. Parent life satisfaction

    Time frame: post-intervention (1 week after program conclusion)

    Mean life satisfaction score

  275. Parent life satisfaction

    Time frame: follow-up (6 months after program conclusion)

    Mean life satisfaction score

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

University of Colorado, Denver

Other

Registry information

Important dates

Study start
2013
Primary completion
2018
Study completion
2018
First posted
Mar 9, 2015
Registry last updated
Mar 20, 2020

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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