CPVI Alone Versus CPVI Plus Low-Voltage Areas Ablation During SR Versus CPVI Plus Low-Voltage Areas Ablation During AF for the Treatment of CAF

Inclusion criteria

• Patients age is 18-80 years;
• Patients with non-paroxysmal AF; non-paroxysmal AF will be defined as a sustained episode lasting > 7 days;
• Patients can sign the written informed consent for the study;
• Patients can endure the required follow-up.

Exclusion criteria

• Patients who had previously undergone atrial fibrillation, atrial tachycardia, or atypical atrial flutter ablation
• Preoperative combined atrial tachycardia (≥30S) and atypical atrial flutter
• Left atrial diameter >55mm
• Left ventricular ejection fraction <35%
• Left atrial thrombus
• Postoperative cardiac surgery
• After valve replacement
• After permanent pacemaker implantation
• hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Patients with moderate-to-severe aortic valve disease, moderate-to-severe mitral stenosis, and severe other valvular disease
• Hemorrhagic stroke within 6 months
• Transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke within 1 month
• Mental disorder or history of mental illness and inability to cooperate voluntarily
• Breastfeeding, pregnancy and women planning or likely to become pregnant
• Life expectancy <12 months
• Participating in other interventional clinical trials
• The researchers judged that it was not suitable for inclusion in this study