COVID-19 Infection and Transmission in Exposed, Confined and Community-based Infants

SARS-CoV-2, an emerging respiratory virus of the coronavirus family, is responsible for a global pandemic of which Europe has become the epicentre. Infection with the virus causes a disease called COVID-19, whose expression most often includes cough, fever, fatigue, myalgia, anosmia, ageusia and gastrointestinal symptoms, and which can be complicated by severe pneumonia requiring resuscitation and which can lead to death. Morbidity and mortality are clearly age-related and while illness and hospitalisations occur in all age groups, deaths occur mostly in the older age groups.

In the absence of curative treatment and vaccination, the only real measures capable of slowing the progression of the disease are large-scale social distancing measures. In analogy to community-based viral epidemics such as seasonal influenza, children were initially considered a potential vector of transmission, which led to the preventive measure of school closures. In France, this closure came into force on 14 March 2020.

Children are considered to be little affected by the coronavirus-19 epidemic because even if screening strategies differ, they represent less than 3% of the cases confirmed in the various studies.

In a period of confinement and reduction in the number of children cared for, in a crèche for children of healthcare workers, in a context of proximity and high risk of cross transmission, the frequency of symptomatic and asymptomatic forms of SARS-Cov-2 in children and staff would be comparable to the general population.

We hypothesize a susceptibility to infection in children but low transmission, which should lead to a cumulative prevalence of infection among daycare staff comparable to that obtained in a sample of professionals who do not come into contact with children in their work (here hospital laboratory and administrative staff).

Inclusion criteria

Population 1 :

• Children of priority staff welcomed in the crèche during the period of confinement, i.e. from 15 March to 9 May, regardless of the length of time they are in the crèche during this period and their "symptomatic or not" status during this period or on the day of inclusion.
• Consent of the holders of parental authority
• Affiliated to a social security system or entitled person

Population 2 :

• Nursery staff, regardless of their status/occupation and having had contact with the children during the period of confinement regardless of how long they have been in the nursery during this period and their "symptomatic or not" status during this period or on the day of inclusion.
• Consent to participate
• Affiliated to a social security system or entitled person

Population 3 :

• Hospital staff not exposed to patients and/or children, with or without children in day care, working in the bacteriology, biochemistry and biological haematology laboratories or in an administrative department of the participating hospitals.
• Affiliated to a social security system or entitled person

Exclusion criteria

Population 1 :

• Refusal to sign consent by parents
• Clinical condition requiring urgent medical assessment (attending physician or transfer to paediatric emergency)

Population 2 and 3 :

• Refusal to sign consent for staff
• Clinical condition requiring urgent medical evaluation