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Completed

NCT Number: NCT05756543

Counterfactual Thinking and Decision-making in Parkinson's Disease

The aim of this research is to verify the ability of counterfactual thinking about medical decisions in individuals affected by Parkinson's Disease when compared to healthy individuals.

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Key information

Conditions

Parkinson Disease Basal Ganglia Diseases Brain Diseases Central Nervous System Diseases Movement Disorders Nervous System Diseases Neurodegenerative Diseases Parkinsonian Disorders Synucleinopathies

Age range

20 year–75 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Observational

Primary location

IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano - Ospedale San Giuseppe

Piancavallo, VCO, 28824, Italy

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, according to the medical assessment performed by trained neurologists.

Exclusion criteria

  • Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome, according to the clinical assessment;
  • Concurrent neurological, neurodevelopmental (e.g., autism), motor, and/or psychiatric disorders;
  • Dementia, according to the clinical/neuropsychological assessment.

Treatment and study plan

Counterfactual Inference Test

Behavioral

All participants were asked to complete the Counterfactual Inference Test - CIT (McNamara et al., 2003), a neuropsychological test that measures the ability to produce counterfactual-derived inferences. Moreover, the decision-making ability will be specifically tested through ad-hoc questionnaire (i.e., the Decision-Making Questionnaire). Finally, all participants will be screened with an extensive neuropsychological assessment, particularly on executive functioning.

Primary outcomes

  1. CIT score

    Time frame: Baseline

    Score at the Counterfactual inference test (CIT). The questionnaire is a four question forced choice test based on past research regarding factors that enhance counterfactual thinking. For each of the four questions, events experienced by two individuals are presented, and three response options are given. Only one option is the valid: the score is 1. For the not valid options, the score will be 0. Overall, the score range for the questionnaire is from 0 (worse performance) to 4 (best performance).

Secondary outcomes

  1. Decision-making index

    Time frame: Baseline

    Score at the Decision-Making Questionnaire. The self-report questionnaire assesses the decision making ability according to 7 questions, with a 5-item Likert's scale. The overall score (i.e., the sum of the scores at all questions) can range from 7 (worse decision making strategy) to 35 (best decision making strategy).

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Istituto Auxologico Italiano

Other

Collaborators

  • Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA

Registry information

Official study title

Counterfactual Thinking About Clinical Decision and Decision-making in the Context of the Parkinson's Disease.

Acronym: CT_PD

Important dates

Study start
2022
Primary completion
2024
Study completion
2024
First posted
Mar 6, 2023
Registry last updated
Aug 26, 2025

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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