Correlation Between Serum Copper and Cardiac Enzymes in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the most serious types of coronary artery disease (CAD). In CAD, coronary blood flow is drastically reduced or interrupted, causing severe myocardial ischemia or necrosis.

Cardiac troponin I (TNI), creatine kinase (CK), and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) are the most commonly used biomarkers for AMI clinical diagnosis. Among them, cardiac troponin is a highly specific biomarker for the diagnosis of AMI. However, the sensitivity is not good in the first few AMI hours, and false-positive values may occur in severe heart failure, arrhythmia, and myocarditis.

Copper is vital in multiple enzymes necessary for antioxidant protection, such as Superoxide dismutases (SOD) and ceruloplasmin. SOD is an enzyme that changes superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide, whereas ceruloplasmin is an antioxidant protein that aids in eliminating free radicals.

Inclusion criteria

• Age ≥18 years old.
• Both sexes.
• Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). AMI are defined as patients complaining of typical continuous chest pain for more than 30 min: ST-segment elevation of more than 0.1 mV in two or more successive leads or ST-segment depression of more than 0.1 mV in two or more successive leads monitored by a standard 12-lead ECG and rise of either creatine kinase (CK) or MB fraction of creatine kinase (CKMB) to greater than twice the normal level or elevation of troponin I [cardiac troponin T (cTnT)] more than or equal to 0.1 ng/ml

Exclusion criteria

• Patients with insufficient clinical information.
• Passed time MI (if patients presented with symptoms that lasted >24 h).
• Cardiogenic shock.
• Chronic kidney disease.
• Chronic liver cell failure.
• Significant valvular heart disease.
• Hematological disease.
• Malignancy.
• Severe liver or renal disease.
• Systemic inflammatory disease.
• Active infection.
• Autoimmune disease.
• Patients on steroids whatever the cause is.