Core Stabilization Exercise Therapy in Chronic Lower Back Back Management in Community Dwelling Older Adults

is a widely used questionnaire designed to assess the level of disability and functional impairment in individuals with lower back pain. The questionnaire consists of 10 sections, each focusing on a different aspect of daily living that might be affected by back pain, such as personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, sexual life, social life, and traveling.

Each section is scored on a scale of 0 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater disability. The scores for all sections are then summed and converted to a percentage, which can range from 0% (no disability) to 100% (maximum disability).

is a widely used questionnaire designed to assess the level of disability and functional impairment in individuals with lower back pain. The questionnaire consists of 10 sections, each focusing on a different aspect of daily living that might be affected by back pain, such as personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, sexual life, social life, and traveling.

Each section is scored on a scale of 0 to 5, with higher scores indicating greater disability. The scores for all sections are then summed and converted to a percentage, which can range from 0% (no disability) to 100% (maximum disability).

The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) is a tool commonly used to measure a person's pain intensity. The scale typically consists of a 10cm horizontal line. Anchored by two verbal descriptors, one for each symptom extreme. For pain intensity, the scale is most often anchored by "No Pain" at one end and "Worst Imaginable Pain" at the other.

Patients are asked to mark a point along the line that represents their current level of pain.

The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) is a tool commonly used to measure a person's pain intensity. The scale typically consists of a 10cm horizontal line. Anchored by two verbal descriptors, one for each symptom extreme. For pain intensity, the scale is most often anchored by "No Pain" at one end and "Worst Imaginable Pain" at the other.

Patients are asked to mark a point along the line that represents their current level of pain.

Participants finish the questionnaire with the help of investigators to assess how a patient's fear avoidance beliefs about physical activity and work may affect and contribute to their low back pain and resulting disability.

The scale score range from 0 - 96, a higher score indicates a higher level of fear avoidance beliefs.

Participants finish the questionnaire with the help of investigators to assess how a patient's fear avoidance beliefs about physical activity and work may affect and contribute to their low back pain and resulting disability.

The scale score range from 0 - 96, a higher score indicates a higher level of fear avoidance beliefs.

EMG-sensors attached to the skin overlying the erector spinae at the T4 vertebrae (approximately 2-3 cm from the midline of the back) on both sides.

EMG-sensors attached to the skin overlying the erector spinae at the T4 vertebrae (approximately 2-3 cm from the midline of the back) on both sides.

IMU-sensors attached to the skin overlying the erector spinae at the T3 and L1 vertebrae(approximately 3-4 cm from the midline of the back), Pelvis(S2) and femur. IMU-sensors were positioned unilaterally on the right side.

IMU-sensors attached to the skin overlying the erector spinae at the T3 and L1 vertebrae(approximately 3-4 cm from the midline of the back), Pelvis(S2) and femur. IMU-sensors were positioned unilaterally on the right side.

Participants will assume a face-down position on a bench, allowing their legs to dangle off the edge so that their feet touch the ground. Manual pressure will then be applied on various lumbar spine segments to induce pain. If pain occurs, participants then raise their legs off the ground before the application of back-to-front pressure is repeated. A reduction in pain when lifting the legs indicates the ability to actively stabilize the spine, signifying a positive test result. In such cases, a stability-focused exercise regimen would be appropriate for the individual.

Participants will assume a face-down position on a bench, allowing their legs to dangle off the edge so that their feet touch the ground. Manual pressure will then be applied on various lumbar spine segments to induce pain. If pain occurs, participants then raise their legs off the ground before the application of back-to-front pressure is repeated. A reduction in pain when lifting the legs indicates the ability to actively stabilize the spine, signifying a positive test result. In such cases, a stability-focused exercise regimen would be appropriate for the individual.

The Straight Leg Raise (SLR) test is a commonly used diagnostic procedure to evaluate for the presence of lumbar radiculopathy, often caused by a herniated disc. During the test, the patient lies flat on their back on an examination table. The examiner then lifts one of the patient's straightened legs by the ankle, keeping the knee extended.

The Straight Leg Raise (SLR) test is a commonly used diagnostic procedure to evaluate for the presence of lumbar radiculopathy, often caused by a herniated disc. During the test, the patient lies flat on their back on an examination table. The examiner then lifts one of the patient's straightened legs by the ankle, keeping the knee extended

When the knee is in a position of flexion between 30 and 90 degrees, there are approximately 45 degrees external and 25 degrees internal rotation. Rotatory motion decreases with further extension and, at 5 degrees of flexion, the knee has 23 degrees external and 10 degrees internal rotation.

When the knee is in a position of flexion between 30 and 90 degrees, there are approximately 45 degrees external and 25 degrees internal rotation. Rotatory motion decreases with further extension and, at 5 degrees of flexion, the knee has 23 degrees external and 10 degrees internal rotation.

The FABER test is used to identify the presence of hip pathology by attempting to reproduce pain in the hip, lumbar spine or sacroiliac region. The test is a passive screening tool for musculoskeletal pathologies, such as hip, lumbar spine, or sacroiliac joint dysfunction, or an iliopsoas spasm.

The FABER test is used to identify the presence of hip pathology by attempting to reproduce pain in the hip, lumbar spine or sacroiliac region. The test is a passive screening tool for musculoskeletal pathologies, such as hip, lumbar spine, or sacroiliac joint dysfunction, or an iliopsoas spasm.