Construction of a Deep Learning-Based Precise Diagnostic Framework for Bladder Tumors Using Ultrasound: A Multicenter, Ambispective Cohort Study

Inclusion criteria

① Suspected bladder mass detected by abdominal ultrasound (age ≥18 years);② Patients scheduled for surgical treatment of bladder tumors.

Exclusion criteria

• Age >85 years;

• Patients unable to undergo abdominal/transrectal ultrasound (e.g., uncooperative individuals, technically inadequate images);

• History of bladder tumor surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or systemic therapy within 3 months; ④ Patients with indwelling medical devices (e.g., double-J ureteral stents, urinary catheters);

• Failure to undergo bladder tumor surgery within 2 weeks post-ultrasound; ⑥ Non-urothelial carcinoma or pathologically unconfirmed diagnoses.