Construction of a Comprehensive Health Management Platform for Patients With Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome

Body height measured in centimeters using a height and weight measuring instrument. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Body weight measured in kilograms using a height and weight measuring instrument. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Systolic blood pressure measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) using an automated sphygmomanometer after 5 minutes of rest. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Diastolic blood pressure measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) using an automated sphygmomanometer after 5 minutes of rest. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Heart rate measured in beats per minute (bpm) from 12-lead electrocardiogram recorded after 10 minutes of rest in supine position. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

PR interval measured in milliseconds (ms) from 12-lead electrocardiogram. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

QRS duration measured in milliseconds (ms) from 12-lead electrocardiogram. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Corrected QT interval (QTc) measured in milliseconds (ms) using Bazett's formula from 12-lead electrocardiogram. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Left ventricular ejection fraction measured as percentage (%) using two-dimensional echocardiography with Simpson's biplane method. Higher values indicate better cardiac function. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter measured in millimeters (mm) using M-mode echocardiography. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity measured in units per liter (U/L) using kinetic enzymatic assay. Reported as mean value and number of participants with values above upper limit of normal (ULN) at each assessment time point.

Serum alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity measured in units per liter (U/L) using kinetic enzymatic assay. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Serum creatine kinase activity measured in units per liter (U/L) using kinetic enzymatic assay. Reported as mean value and number of participants with values above upper limit of normal (ULN) at each assessment time point.

Serum creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme activity measured in units per liter (U/L) using immunoinhibition assay. Reported as mean value and number of participants with values above upper limit of normal (ULN) at each assessment time point.

Presence of occult blood in urine detected using dipstick method. Reported as number and percentage of participants with positive result (1+ or greater) at each assessment time point.

Presence of protein in urine detected using dipstick method. Reported as number and percentage of participants with positive result (1+ or greater) at each assessment time point.

Serum total bilirubin concentration measured in micromoles per liter (μmol/L) using diazo method. Reported as mean value and number of participants with values above upper limit of normal (ULN) at each assessment time point.

Serum total protein concentration measured in grams per liter (g/L) using biuret method. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Serum albumin concentration measured in grams per liter (g/L) using bromocresol green method. Reported as mean value and number of participants with values below lower limit of normal (LLN) at each assessment time point.

Serum direct (conjugated) bilirubin concentration measured in micromoles per liter (μmol/L) using diazo method with caffeine accelerator. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Serum aspartate aminotransferase activity measured in units per liter (U/L) using kinetic enzymatic assay. Reported as mean value and number of participants with values above upper limit of normal (ULN) at each assessment time point.

Serum alanine aminotransferase activity measured in units per liter (U/L) using kinetic enzymatic assay. Reported as mean value and number of participants with values above upper limit of normal (ULN) at each assessment time point.

Serum globulin concentration calculated as the difference between total protein and albumin concentrations, measured in grams per liter (g/L). Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Serum uric acid concentration measured in micromoles per liter (μmol/L) using uricase method. Reported as mean value and number of participants with values above upper limit of normal (ULN) at each assessment time point.

Estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated in milliliters per minute per 1.73 square meters (mL/min/1.73m²) using CKD-EPI equation based on serum creatinine and cystatin C. Higher values indicate better kidney function. Reported as mean value and number of participants with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m² at each assessment time point.

Serum total cholesterol concentration measured in millimoles per liter (mmol/L) using enzymatic colorimetric assay after overnight fasting. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Serum triglyceride concentration measured in millimoles per liter (mmol/L) using enzymatic glycerol phosphate oxidase method after overnight fasting. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Serum LDL-C concentration measured in millimoles per liter (mmol/L) using direct enzymatic assay or calculated using Friedewald formula after overnight fasting. Lower values indicate better cardiovascular risk profile. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Serum HDL-C concentration measured in millimoles per liter (mmol/L) using direct enzymatic assay after overnight fasting. Higher values indicate better cardiovascular risk profile. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Fasting plasma glucose concentration measured in millimoles per liter (mmol/L) using hexokinase method after at least 8 hours of fasting. Reported as mean value and number of participants with values ≥7.0 mmol/L at each assessment time point.

HbA1c level measured as percentage (%) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method standardized to National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP). Lower values indicate better glycemic control. Reported as mean value and number of participants with HbA1c ≥6.5% at each assessment time point.

White blood cell count measured in 10^9 cells per liter (10^9/L) using automated hematology analyzer. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Red blood cell count measured in 10^12 cells per liter (10^12/L) using automated hematology analyzer. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Hemoglobin concentration measured in grams per liter (g/L) using cyanmethemoglobin method. Reported as mean value and number of participants with values below lower limit of normal (LLN) at each assessment time point.

Platelet count measured in 10^9 cells per liter (10^9/L) using automated hematology analyzer. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Red blood cell count in urine measured in cells per high-power field (cells/HPF) using microscopic examination of centrifuged urine sediment. Reported as mean value and number of participants with values above 3 cells/HPF at each assessment time point.

White blood cell count in urine measured in cells per high-power field (cells/HPF) using microscopic examination of centrifuged urine sediment. Reported as mean value and number of participants with values above 5 cells/HPF at each assessment time point.

Bacterial count in urine measured in colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) using quantitative urine culture. Reported as number and percentage of participants with bacterial count ≥10^5 CFU/mL at each assessment time point.

Serum creatinine concentration measured in micromoles per liter (μmol/L) using enzymatic method. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Serum fasting insulin concentration measured in picomoles per liter (pmol/L) or microunits per milliliter (μIU/mL) using chemiluminescent immunoassay after at least 8 hours of fasting. Reported as mean value and calculated Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index at each assessment time point.

Serum C-peptide concentration measured in nanomoles per liter (nmol/L) or nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) using chemiluminescent immunoassay after at least 8 hours of fasting. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration measured in nanomoles per liter (nmol/L) or nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) using chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). 25(OH)D is the major circulating form of vitamin D and reflects vitamin D status. Higher values indicate better vitamin D sufficiency. Reported as mean value and number of participants with 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) indicating deficiency, 50-75 nmol/L (20-30 ng/mL) indicating insufficiency, and ≥75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL) indicating sufficiency at each assessment time point.

Serum interleukin-6 concentration measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) using high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or chemiluminescent immunoassay. IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Lower values indicate lower systemic inflammation. Reported as mean value and number of participants with values above upper limit of normal (ULN) at each assessment time point.

Serum interleukin-10 concentration measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or chemiluminescent immunoassay. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Higher values may indicate compensatory anti-inflammatory response. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Serum interleukin-1β concentration measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) using high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL-1β is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine. Lower values indicate lower systemic inflammation. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentration measured in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) using high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or chemiluminescent immunoassay. TNF-α is a major pro-inflammatory cytokine. Lower values indicate lower systemic inflammation. Reported as mean value at each assessment time point.

Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L) using immunoturbidimetric assay or nephelometry. hs-CRP is an acute-phase reactant and marker of systemic inflammation. Lower values indicate lower cardiovascular risk and systemic inflammation. Reported as mean value and number of participants with hs-CRP <1 mg/L (low risk), 1-3 mg/L (moderate risk), and >3 mg/L (high risk) for cardiovascular disease at each assessment time point.

Physical activity level assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), a 7-item self-administered questionnaire measuring the frequency and duration of vigorous-intensity activity, moderate-intensity activity, and walking during the past 7 days. Total physical activity is calculated as metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-minutes per week, categorized as low (<600 MET-min/week), moderate (600-3000 MET-min/week), or high (>3000 MET-min/week) activity level. Higher MET-minutes indicate higher physical activity level. Reported as mean total MET-minutes per week and number of participants in each activity category at each assessment time point.

Health-related quality of life assessed using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), a 36-item self-administered questionnaire measuring eight health domains: physical functioning (PF), role-physical (RP), bodily pain (BP), general health (GH), vitality (VT), social functioning (SF), role-emotional (RE), and mental health (MH). Each domain score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status. Two summary component scores are calculated: Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS). Reported as mean scores for each domain and summary components at each assessment time point.