Consensus-based Algorithms to Address Opioid Misuse Behaviors Among Individuals Prescribed Long-term Opioid Therapy

Despite a growing understanding of the risks of long-term opioid therapy (LTOT), it continues to be frequently prescribed and remains a mainstay of treatment for chronic pain. The Centers for Disease and Control (CDC) Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain is geared toward primary care providers and has been adopted as the standard of care by many healthcare organizations and insurers. Importantly, it encourages monitoring of patients on LTOT for opioid-related harms. By implementing monitoring, primary care providers may uncover various concerning behaviors, sometimes called aberrant drug-related behaviors or opioid misuse behaviors, that arise among individuals prescribed LTOT for chronic pain. These behaviors (e.g., missed appointments, using more opioid medication than prescribed, asking for an increase in opioid dose, aggressive behavior, and alcohol and other substance use) are common, concerning, and may represent unsafe use of LTOT or a developing opioid use disorder (OUD). However, the CDC Guideline and other existing evidence do not provide specific, detailed guidance about how to address concerning behaviors when they occur. Therefore, there is a critical need to understand how to best respond to these behaviors. The long-term goal of our program of research is to reduce LTOT-related harms, particularly from opioid misuse, and diminish their impact on the U.S. opioid epidemic. As a first step toward accomplishing this goal, the investigators conducted a Delphi study to rigorously establish consensus-based approaches to managing common and challenging concerning behaviors, from which algorithms were created. Identifying and operationalizing implementation strategies using an evidence-based framework are the critical next steps that must occur before any testing of the algorithms.

The investigators successfully uncovered optimal implementation strategies through primary care provider experiences with Standardized Patients (SPs) followed by Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR)- and Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC)-guided individual interviews. Using our prior expertise developing clinic-wide opioid risk reduction strategies and a Patient-Provider advisory board, the investigators developed a comprehensive "implementation package" that can be delivered to primary care practices.

The investigators now aim to conduct a pilot trial to test the algorithm implementation package. Guided by the CFIR-based implementation plan and using the implementation package that the investigators developed, pilot trial will be conducted to investigate feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of the algorithm implementation package.

Inclusion criteria

• Clinicians practicing at UPMC community primary care clinics.

Exclusion criteria

• Clinicians not practicing at UPMC community primary care clinics.