Composite Warming Strategy Reduces Intraoperative Hypothermia in Open Hepatectomy for Liver Cancer

Research Title: Warming with a Composite Warming Strategy Reduces Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Open Hepatectomy for Liver Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Study Background: Perioperative hypothermia is a clinical condition characterized by a core body temperature dropping below 36 ° C during the perioperative period, which is a common complication in anesthesia and open abdominal surgery. This state can lead to various perioperative complications, including but not limited to surgical site infections, arrhythmia, and cardiac obstruction.

Main objective: Intraoperative temperature changes Secondary objective: incidence of complications Meaning:The investigators' investigated the practicality and effectiveness of a combined warming strategy in open liver resection surgery. In addition, the investigators also conducted a quantitative correlation study on the incidence of hypothermia during the surgical process. This provides evidence-based guidance for the prevention of hypothermia during surgery. In addition, the investigators also conducted a quantitative correlation study on the incidence of hypothermia during the surgical process.

Innovation: The innovation of this article lies in the first verification of the practicality and effectiveness of the composite warming strategy in open liver resection surgery.

Expected outcome: The practical and effective use of a combined warming strategy in open liver resection surgery. In terms of anesthesia duration, blood loss, fluid replacement, and PACU observation duration, the composite warming strategy may have better results than the forced air warming system.

Inclusion criteria

• Aged between 18 and 75 years.
• Scheduled for elective open hepatectomy to treat hepatocellular carcinoma, confirmed by preoperative biopsy or imaging.
• Adequate liver function (Child-Pugh score A or B).
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification of I, II, or well-controlled III.
• Informed consent provided for participation.

Exclusion criteria

• Aged under 18 or over 75 years.
• Metastatic liver disease or emergency liver surgery required.
• Chronic analgesic use that could interfere with pain assessment.
• Participation in another clinical trial within the past 30 days.
• Contraindications to warming devices (e.g., certain skin conditions or advanced peripheral vascular disease).
• Pregnant or lactating.
• Presence of an implantable device (e.g., pacemakers or defibrillators) that could be affected by warming strategies.
• Cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorders affecting study understanding or informed consent.
• Use of medications/substances impacting thermoregulation (e.g., illicit drugs, alcohol abuse, antipyretics).
• History of malignancies other than liver cancer affecting survival or perioperative risk.
• Recent history (within six months) of myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident.
• Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or other significant endocrine disorders.
• Severe anemia (hemoglobin below a predetermined threshold).