Comparison the Gender Effects of Knee Joint and Foot Complex Alignment During Single Leg Squat in Sedentaries

The mark between the participant's SIAS and the midpoint of the patella will be marked as the femur segment, and the mark between the patella and the foot will be marked as the tibia segment and video recording will be taken. Dynamic Valgus Index Measurement will be performed using Kineovea 0.9.5 motion analysis program. Knee frontal plane projection angle(KFPPA) will be measured with the computer program. The angle hip frontal plane projection angle(HFPPA) will be measured between the pelvis and the femur segment by determining the pelvis segment with the line connecting both SIAS marks. HFPPA will be subtracted from 90 degrees (90º - A) and KFPPA will be subtracted from 180 degrees (180º - B) and the DVI angle will be obtained by summing these two values.

The participants' spina iliaca anterior superior (SIAS) in the frontal plane, the middle of the patella on both sides, and the middle of the ankle will be marked by sticking red colored tape. The test protocol will be explained, visually demonstrated, and three (3) repetitions will be made to try and get used to the test. A T-shape will be drawn on the floor with tape to facilitate the evaluation and they will be asked to hold their free foot behind their back while standing barefoot. They will be asked to perform a squat every two seconds without leaning forward and sideways, while maintaining their balance with their hands crossed on their chest. While performing the movement three (3) times in a slow and controlled manner, they will be recorded with a video camera positioned at 90 degrees to their full height (approximately 3m). It will be observed on the video whether the participants are positioned in the straight midline towards the single leg squat test line. If the patella

The participants' foot posture will be assessed using the Foot Posture Index developed by Redmond et al. (2006) to assess foot posture. It is mainly used to define the degree of supination, neutral or pronation position of the foot. All assessments are performed in a comfortable standing position with equal weight on both feet. This posture is reported to be close to the positions taken by the foot during the gait cycle. This index is composed of 6 assessment headings: palpation of the talus head, inclination above and below the lateral malleolus, calcaneal inversion/eversion assessment in the hindfoot, talonavicular alignment (concavity/convexity), medial arch height and forefoot abduction/adduction in the forefoot.

Age, gender, dominant limb, occupational status, working positions, sports practiced, if any, and weekly physical activity duration of the individuals included in the study will be recorded before the tests. The dominant limb will be determined as the limb preferred by the individuals for kicking the ball.

Weight of the participants were measured

Height of the participants were measured

BMI was calculated from weight and height data as kg/m^2

While performing the Squat Test, the participant will be asked if he/she has pain; if so, where it is located and will be asked to indicate the degree of pain with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS).

Questions to be asked:

Did you feel pain during squatting? If so, where did you feel pain? If you rate your pain on a visual scale (0 being the least and 10 being the most), how severe was the pain?

The anterosuperior iliac crista, midpoint of the patella and tibial tubercle will be marked while the person is in supine position. The Q-angle will be measured with a goniometer by intersecting a line drawn from the anterosuperior iliac crista to the midpoint of the patella and the proximal extension of a line drawn from the tibial tubercle to the midpoint of the patella. Q angle measurements will be repeated 3 times for each side lying and standing and averaged

Medial Longitudinal Arch Height will be evaluated with the Navicular Drop Test. The height of the tubercle of the navicular bone above the ground will be recorded by marking on a white card while the participant is not transferring weight to the foot in a sitting position (A). Then, the height of the tubercle of the navicular bone above the ground will be marked while transferring equal weight to both feet in the standing upright position (B). The differences of the values taken during sitting and standing will be calculated and recorded in millimeters. Measurements will be taken for both sides and repeated 3 times and averaged

Strength of the tensor fascia lata muscle will be assessed using standardized manual muscle testing procedures.

Strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle will be evaluated using manual muscle testing performed according to standardized clinical guidelines.

Hamstring muscle strength will be measured using standardized manual muscle testing techniques.

Strength of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle group will be assessed using manual muscle testing with standardized patient positioning.

Flexibility of the tensor fascia lata muscle will be assessed using the Modified Ober Test, and the hip adduction angle will be recorded.

Hamstring flexibility will be evaluated using the Sit-and-Reach Test, and the maximal reach distance will be recorded.

The participant was positioned in supine, with the hip and knee placed in full extension. The knee to be tested was stabilized with one hand, while the examiner grasped the heel with the other hand and positioned their forearm along the plantar surface of the foot. The examiner then applied force to bring the foot into dorsiflexion. If the foot could not reach the neutral position (90°), the muscle was considered shortened.