Comparison Of Ultrasound-Based Measures Of Inferior Vena Cava And Internal Jugular Vein For Prediction Of Hypotension During Induction Of General Anesthesia

Upon arrival to the operating room, routine monitors in the form of pulse oximetry, electrocardiogarm and non-invasive blood pressure monitors were applied. Intravenous line was secured and routine premedications (ranitidine 50 mg and ondansetron 4 mg) were administered.

IVC evaluation was done for the patients in the supine position. The examination was performed after 5 minutes rest. A curved ultrasound transducer set to abdominal mode (1-5 MHz; Acuson x300; Siemens Healthcare, Seoul, Korea) was placed in the subcostal area to visualize the IVC in the paramedian long-axis view. The IVC was visualized using two-dimensional mode as it enters the right atrium; then, pulse wave doppler was used to differentiate the IVC from the aorta. Respiratory variations of the IVC diameter were evaluated using M-mode imaging at medium sweep speed 2 to 3 cm distal to the right atrium. The measures were obtained 3 times and their average was calculated. Maximum and minimum IVC diameters over a single respiratory cycle were used to calculate the collapsibility index as follows:

(dIVCmax- dIVCmin)/dIVCmax Collapsibility index was expressed as a percentage.

IJV measurements were obtained in the supine position using a linear ultrasound transducer (5 - 13 MHz; Acuson x300; Siemens Healthcare, Seoul, Korea). The probe was placed horizontally at the middle level of the thyroid cartilage. After obtaining a clear transverse view of the right IJV, the IJV area was measured. The measures were repeated after changing the patient's position to the 10° Trendelenburg position. The maximum area of the IJV in the supine and Trendelenburg positions was recorded and the rate of change in IJV area was calculated as follows:

IJV change rate with posture = (IJV area in Trendelenburg position - IJV area in supine position)/(IJV area in Trendelenburg position) All ultrasonographic measurements were performed by a single trained anesthesiologist.

IJV measurements were obtained in the supine position using a linear ultrasound transducer (5 - 13 MHz; Acuson x300; Siemens Healthcare, Seoul, Korea). The probe was placed horizontally at the middle level of the thyroid cartilage. After obtaining a clear transverse view of the right IJV, the IJV area was measured. The measures were repeated after changing the patient's position to the 10° Trendelenburg position. The maximum area of the IJV in the supine and Trendelenburg positions was recorded and the rate of change in IJV area was calculated as follows:

IJV change rate with posture = (IJV area in Trendelenburg position - IJV area in supine position)/(IJV area in Trendelenburg position) All ultrasonographic measurements were performed by a single trained anesthesiologist.

Inclusion criteria

• Patients aged 18 - 50 years old
• Any scheduled non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia
• ASA I, II

Exclusion criteria

• Patients with major vascular disease
• Unstable angina
• Ejection fraction < 40 %
• Respiratory distress
• Increased intra-abdominal pressure.
• Diabetes mellitus
• Implanted pacemaker
• Patients on ACEI or ARB
• Anticipated difficult intubation