Comparison of the Efficacy of an Empowered Relief Single-Session Versus Standard Care for Reducing Postoperative Pain Following Elective Orthopedic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The Brief Pain Inventory-short form measures both the intensity of pain and the interference of pain in various aspects of the patient's life. Patients rate their pain at its "worst," "least," "average," and "now" (current pain) over the past 24 hours. Ratings are provided on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates "no pain" and 10 indicates "pain as bad as you can imagine." Patients also assess how pain has interfered with seven aspects of their daily life: general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work, relations with other people, sleep, and enjoyment of life.

The Brief Pain Inventory-short form measures both the intensity of pain and the interference of pain in various aspects of the patient's life. Patients rate their pain at its "worst," "least," "average," and "now" (current pain) over the past 24 hours. Ratings are provided on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates "no pain" and 10 indicates "pain as bad as you can imagine." Patients also assess how pain has interfered with seven aspects of their daily life: general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work, relations with other people, sleep, and enjoyment of life.

Acceptability of the ER session will be assessed with the Acceptability Home-based questionnaire, a 8-item measure with a total score ranging from 0-48 with higher scores indicative of more acceptability.

Pain Catastrophizing Scale is a 13-item measure with a total score ranging from 0-52 with higher scores indicative of more catastrophizing.

Pain Catastrophizing Scale is a 13-item measure with a total score ranging from 0-52 with higher scores indicative of more catastrophizing.

The 10 item Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) assesses self-efficacy using à 0 = "Not confident at all" to 6= "Completely confident" scale. Higher scores suggest a greater self-efficacy.

The 10 item Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) assesses self-efficacy using à 0 = "Not confident at all" to 6= "Completely confident" scale. Higher scores suggest a greater self-efficacy.

Compare treatment groups for self-efficacy using the PROMIS 4-item PROMIS instruments are normed on the US population and are reported using t-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

Higher scores indicate higher levels of Self-Efficacy - Lower scores indicate lower levels of Self-Efficacy.

Compare treatment groups for self-efficacy using the PROMIS 4-item. PROMIS instruments are normed on the US population and are reported using t-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

Higher scores indicate higher levels of Self-Efficacy - Lower scores indicate lower levels of Self-Efficacy.

Compare treatment groups for depression using the PROMIS 8-item. PROMIS instruments are normed on the US population and are reported using t-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

Higher scores indicate higher levels of Depression - Lower scores indicate lower levels of Depression.

Compare treatment groups for depression using the PROMIS 8-item. PROMIS instruments are normed on the US population and are reported using t-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

Higher scores indicate higher levels of Depression - Lower scores indicate lower levels of Depression.

Compare treatment groups for anxiety using the PROMIS 8-item. PROMIS instruments are normed on the US population and are reported using t-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

Higher scores indicate higher levels of Anxiety- Lower scores indicate lower levels of Anxiety.

Compare treatment groups for anxiety using the PROMIS 8-item. PROMIS instruments are normed on the US population and are reported using t-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

Higher scores indicate higher levels of Anxiety- Lower scores indicate lower levels of Anxiety.

Compare treatment groups for sleep disturbance using the PROMIS 4-item. PROMIS instruments are normed on the US population and are reported using t-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

Higher scores indicate higher levels of Sleep disturbance - Lower scores indicate lower levels of Sleep disturbance.

Compare treatment groups for sleep disturbance using the PROMIS 4-item. PROMIS instruments are normed on the US population and are reported using t-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

Higher scores indicate higher levels of Sleep disturbance - Lower scores indicate lower levels of Sleep disturbance.

Compare treatment groups for social isolation using the PROMIS 4-item. PROMIS instruments are normed on the US population and are reported using t-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

Higher scores indicate higher levels of Social isolation - Lower scores indicate lower levels of Social isolation.

Compare treatment groups for social isolation using the PROMIS 4-item. PROMIS instruments are normed on the US population and are reported using t-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

Higher scores indicate higher levels of Social isolation - Lower scores indicate lower levels of Social isolation.

Compare treatment groups for fatigue using the PROMIS 4-item. PROMIS instruments are normed on the US population and are reported using t-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

Higher scores indicate higher levels of Fatigue - Lower scores indicate lower levels of Fatigue.

Compare treatment groups for fatigue using the PROMIS 4-item. PROMIS instruments are normed on the US population and are reported using t-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

Higher scores indicate higher levels of Fatigue - Lower scores indicate lower levels of Fatigue.

The Short Assessment of Patient Satisfaction (SAPS) assesses patients' satisfaction regarding their health care with 7 items using a 4 likert scale from "very satisfied" to "very unsatisfied"

Pain medication use will be assessed using a self-report medication questionnaire asking participants which medications they have used to relieve pain in the past 2 weeks. Medication categories include:

Acetaminophen, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Muscle relaxants, Opioid/narcotic analgesics, Neuropathic pain medications (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin), Antidepressants used for pain, Cannabis and Other (specified by participant). For each category, participants indicate frequency of use: As needed (occasionally), Regularly, Used previously but stopped.

Pain medication use will be assessed using a self-report medication questionnaire asking participants which medications they have used to relieve pain in the past 2 weeks. Medication categories include:

Acetaminophen, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Muscle relaxants, Opioid/narcotic analgesics, Neuropathic pain medications (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin), Antidepressants used for pain, Cannabis and Other (specified by participant). For each category, participants indicate frequency of use: As needed (occasionally), Regularly, Used previously but stopped.

Pain medication use will be assessed using a self-report medication questionnaire asking participants which medications they have used to relieve pain in the past 2 weeks. Medication categories include:

Acetaminophen, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Muscle relaxants, Opioid/narcotic analgesics, Neuropathic pain medications (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin), Antidepressants used for pain, Cannabis and Other (specified by participant). For each category, participants indicate frequency of use: As needed (occasionally), Regularly, Used previously but stopped.

Use of non-pharmacological pain management approaches will be assessed using a self-report questionnaire asking participants which non-medication resources they consulted or used to relieve pain during the past month. Categories include: Physiotherapy, Occupational therapy, Massage therapy, Psychology services, Self-care strategies (e.g., ice, heat, self-massage), and Other (specified by participant). Participants will indicate frequency of use for each category: 1-2 times, 3-10 times, More than 10 times.

Use of non-pharmacological pain management approaches will be assessed using a self-report questionnaire asking participants which non-medication resources they consulted or used to relieve pain during the past month. Categories include: Physiotherapy, Occupational therapy, Massage therapy, Psychology services, Self-care strategies (e.g., ice, heat, self-massage), and Other (specified by participant). Participants will indicate frequency of use for each category: 1-2 times, 3-10 times, More than 10 times.