Comparison of Surgical and Medical Treatment for Congestive Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease

CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting. For patients randomized to CABG or CABG +SVR group, this represents the repeat CABG received during follow-up. PCI = Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting. For patients randomized to CABG or CABG +SVR group, this represents the repeat CABG received during follow-up. PCI = Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting. For patients randomized to CABG or CABG +SVR group, this represents the repeat CABG received during follow-up. PCI = Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

LVAD=Left Ventricular Assist Device

LVAD=Left Ventricular Assist Device

Record the total duration of exercise in minutes and seconds for patients performing the modified Bruce exercise treadmill test

Record the total duration of exercise in minutes and seconds for patients performing the modified Bruce exercise treadmill test

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by Echocardiography (ECHO) core lab

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by Echocardiography (ECHO) core lab

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by radionuclide (RN) core lab.

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by radionuclide (RN) core lab.

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) core lab.

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) core lab.

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) by Neurohormonal/cytokine/genetic (NCG) core lab during follow-up

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) by Neurohormonal/cytokine/genetic (NCG) core lab during follow-up

Short Form 36 Health Status Questionnaire (SF-36) Mental Health Subscale: These 5 items assess anxiety, depression, emotional control, and psychological well-being. Response choices range from "All of the time" (1) to "None of the time" (6). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better mental health. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)

These 5 items assess anxiety, depression, emotional control, and psychological well-being. Response choices range from "All of the time" (1) to "None of the time" (6). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better mental health. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)

These 4 items assess limitations and difficulty performing work or other usual activities as a result of one's physical health. Response choices are either "Yes" (1) or "No" (2). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better outcomes. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)

These 4 items assess limitations and difficulty performing work or other usual activities as a result of one's physical health. Response choices are either "Yes" (1) or "No" (2). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better outcomes. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)

These 3 items assess limitations and difficulty performing work or other usual activities as a result of any emotional problems (such as feeling depressed or anxious). Response choices are either "Yes" (1) or "No" (2). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better outcomes. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)

These 3 items assess limitations and difficulty performing work or other usual activities as a result of any emotional problems (such as feeling depressed or anxious). Response choices are either "Yes" (1) or "No" (2). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better outcomes. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)

These 2 items assess the limitations on social activities with others. Response choices range from "Extremely" or "All of the time" (1) to "Not at all" or "None of the time" (5). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better social functioning. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)

These 2 items assess the limitations on social activities with others. Response choices range from "Extremely" or "All of the time" (1) to "Not at all" or "None of the time" (5). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better social functioning. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)

These 4 items assess energy level and fatigue. Response choices range from "All of the time" (1) to "None of the time" (6). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better vitality. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)

These 4 items assess energy level and fatigue. Response choices range from "All of the time" (1) to "None of the time" (6). Item values are summed and then transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores indicate better vitality. (Final scores are normalized to a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.)

Twelve items that reflect both physical and mental health are selected from the SF-36 subscales and combined according to an algebraic formula using published weights and constants: (a) First, the items are coded so that a higher value indicates better health; (b) then indicator variables (1/0) are created for the item response choice categories; (c) next, the 35 indicator variables are weighted using "physical" regression weights from the general US population and summed to produce the PCS-12 score; and (d) finally, a normalized score (with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10) is obtained by adding the "physical" constant from the scoring table to the sum of the 35 products.

Twelve items that reflect both physical and mental health are selected from the SF-36 subscales and combined according to an algebraic formula using published weights and constants: (a) First, the items are coded so that a higher value indicates better health; (b) then indicator variables (1/0) are created for the item response choice categories; (c) next, the 35 indicator variables are weighted using "physical" regression weights from the general US population and summed to produce the PCS-12 score; and (d) finally, a normalized score (with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10) is obtained by adding the "physical" constant from the scoring table to the sum of the 35 products.

Twelve items that reflect both physical and mental health are selected from the SF-36 subscales and combined according to an algebraic formula using published weights and constants: (a) First, the items are coded so that a higher value indicates better health; (b) then indicator variables (1/0) are created for the item response choice categories; (c) next, the 35 indicator variables are weighted using "mental" regression weights from the general US population and summed to produce the MCS-12 score; and (d) finally, a normalized score (with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10) is obtained by adding the "mental" constant from the scoring table to the sum of the 35 products.

Twelve items that reflect both physical and mental health are selected from the SF-36 subscales and combined according to an algebraic formula using published weights and constants: (a) First, the items are coded so that a higher value indicates better health; (b) then indicator variables (1/0) are created for the item response choice categories; (c) next, the 35 indicator variables are weighted using "mental" regression weights from the general US population and summed to produce the MCS-12 score; and (d) finally, a normalized score (with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10) is obtained by adding the "mental" constant from the scoring table to the sum of the 35 products.

Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ)Physical Limitation Scale: These 6 items assess ability to perform various activities of daily living. Response choices range from "Extremely limited" (1) to "Not at all limited" (5). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

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These 6 items assess ability to perform various activities of daily living. Response choices range from "Extremely limited" (1) to "Not at all limited" (5). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

This item assesses changes in shortness of breath or fatigue over the past 2 weeks. Response choices range from "Much worse" (1) to "Much better" (5). Item score is transformed to a 0-100 scale with a high score representing a better outcome.

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This item assesses changes in shortness of breath or fatigue over the past 2 weeks. Response choices range from "Much worse" (1) to "Much better" (5). Item score is transformed to a 0-100 scale with a high score representing a better outcome.

These 4 items assess how many times the patient has been bothered by shortness of breath, fatigue, and ankle swelling over the past 2 weeks. Response choices vary, but they range from "Every morning" or "Every night" or "All of the time" (1) to "Never over the past 2 weeks" (either 5 or 7). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

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These 4 items assess how many times the patient has been bothered by shortness of breath, fatigue, and ankle swelling over the past 2 weeks. Response choices vary, but they range from "Every morning" or "Every night" or "All of the time" (1) to "Never over the past 2 weeks" (either 5 or 7). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

These 3 items assess how much the patient has been bothered by shortness of breath, fatigue, and ankle swelling over the past 2 weeks. Response choices range from "extremely bothersome" (1) to "Not at all bothersome" (5). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

These 3 items assess how much the patient has been bothered by shortness of breath, fatigue, and ankle swelling over the past 2 weeks. Response choices range from "extremely bothersome" (1) to "Not at all bothersome" (5). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

This score represents the mean of the Symptom Frequency and Symptom Burden scores. Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

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This score represents the mean of the Symptom Frequency and Symptom Burden scores. Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

These 3 items assess the effect of heart failure on the patient's enjoyment of life. Response choices range from 1 (worst state) to 5 (best state). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

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These 3 items assess the effect of heart failure on the patient's enjoyment of life. Response choices range from 1 (worst state) to 5 (best state). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

These 4 items assess how much heart failure has affected the patient's lifestyle. Response choices range from "Severely limited" (1) to "Did not limit at all" (5). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

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These 4 items assess how much heart failure has affected the patient's lifestyle. Response choices range from "Severely limited" (1) to "Did not limit at all" (5). Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

This score represents the mean of the Physical Limitation and Total Symptom scores. Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

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This score represents the mean of the Physical Limitation and Total Symptom scores. Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

This score represents the mean of these 4 scores: Physical Limitation, Total Symptom, Quality of Life, and Social Limitation. Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

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This score represents the mean of these 4 scores: Physical Limitation, Total Symptom, Quality of Life, and Social Limitation. Mean scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale with high scores representing better outcomes.

These 2 items assess the frequency of chest pain over the last 4 weeks. Response choices range from "4 or more times a day" (1) to "None" (6). The mean response is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect less frequent angina.

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These 2 items assess the frequency of chest pain over the last 4 weeks. Response choices range from "4 or more times a day" (1) to "None" (6). The mean response is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect less frequent angina.

This item assesses the change in chest pain over the last 4 weeks. Response choices range from "Much more often" (1) to "None" (6). The mean response is transformed to a 0-100 scale where 50 represents no change and a higher score indicates less angina.

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This item assesses the change in chest pain over the last 4 weeks. Response choices range from "Much more often" (1) to "None" (6). The mean response is transformed to a 0-100 scale where 50 represents no change and a higher score indicates less angina.

These 3 items measure the patient's general satisfaction with life. Response choices range from 1 (least enjoyment) to 5 (high satisfaction). The mean score is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect better outcomes.

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These 3 items measure the patient's general satisfaction with life. Response choices range from 1 (least enjoyment) to 5 (high satisfaction). The mean score is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect better outcomes.

Euro QoL 5 Dimensions Quality of Life Instrument (EQ-5D): This 0-100 scale records the patient's self-rated health on a vertical scale where 0 = worst imaginable health and 100 = perfect health.

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This 0-100 scale records the patient's self-rated health on a vertical scale where 0 = worst imaginable health and 100 = perfect health.

This 5-item scale describes a patient's health in terms of mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Choices for each dimension are "No problems" (1), "Moderate problems" (2), or "Extreme problems" (3). A scoring algorithm with utility weights is then applied to these 5 items to generate index scores ranging from -0.11 (i.e., 33333) to 1.0 (i.e., 11111) on a scale where 0.0 = death and 1.0 = perfect health. These scores were multiplied by 100 to produce a scale from -11 to 100 that more closely resembles the Visual Analog Scale.

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This 5-item scale describes a patient's health in terms of mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Choices for each dimension are "No problems" (1), "Moderate problems" (2), or "Extreme problems" (3). A scoring algorithm with utility weights is then applied to these 5 items to generate index scores ranging from -0.11 (i.e., 33333) to 1.0 (i.e., 11111) on a scale where 0.0 = death and 1.0 = perfect health. (These scores can be multiplied by 100 to produce a scale from -11 to 100 that more closely resembles the Visual Analog Scale.)

These 20 items assess depressive symptomatology, and responses choices range from "Rarely or none of the time" (0) to "Most or all of the time" (3). Scale scores can therefore range from 0 to 60, although scores greater than or equal to 16 are considered high.

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These 20 items assess depressive symptomatology, and responses choices range from "Rarely or none of the time" (0) to "Most or all of the time" (3). Scale scores can therefore range from 0 to 60, although scores greater than or equal to 16 are considered high.

These 5 items assess patients' ability to maintain their usual social, family, and physical activities. Response choices range from "Not at all confident" (1) to "Completely confident" (5). The mean score is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect more confidence.

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These 5 items assess patients' ability to maintain their usual social, family, and physical activities. Response choices range from "Not at all confident" (1) to "Completely confident" (5). The mean score is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect more confidence.

These 8 items assess patients' ability to control symptoms such as chest pain and breathlessness by taking their medications and adjusting their activity levels. Response choices range from "Not at all confident" (1) to "Completely confident" (5). The mean score is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect more confidence.

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These 8 items assess patients' ability to control symptoms such as chest pain and breathlessness by taking their medications and adjusting their activity levels. Response choices range from "Not at all confident" (1) to "Completely confident" (5). The mean score is transformed to a 0-100 scale where higher scores reflect more confidence.

This single item asks patients to describe their health status over the past month on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 = death and 100 = excellent health.

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This single item asks patients to describe their health status over the past month on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 = death and 100 = excellent health.

Hospital costs and physician fees for US patients

Hospital costs and physician fees for US patients