Comparison of Real-tiMe ContInuous gLucosE moNitoriNg With Self-monitorIng of Blood Glucose in Young AduLts With Type 1 diabeteS

This is an open-label, multi-centre, randomised, crossover design study, involving a 2-week run-in period with blinded CGM, followed by two 8 weeks study periods during which subjects will monitor daily glucose levels either with real-time CGM or SMBG in random order. Subjects will wear a blinded CGM for a 3-week period during the Control phase. A total of up to 40 subjects (aiming for 30 completed subjects) aged 16 to 24 years with T1D will be recruited through diabetes clinics and other established methods in participating centres. Subjects who drop out of the study within the first 2 weeks of the first intervention period will be replaced.

Subjects will receive appropriate training in the use of real-time CGM. Subjects will have regular contact with the study team during the study.

The primary outcome is time spent in target range between 3.9 and 10.0 mmol/L as recorded by CGM. Secondary outcomes are the HbA1c, time spent with glucose levels above and below target, as recorded by CGM, and other CGM-based metrics. Measures of subject's responses in terms of daily diabetes management, diabetes distress and diabetes technology use and acceptance will also be evaluated in this study.

Inclusion criteria

• Age between 16 - 24 years old (inclusive)
• Type 1 diabetes, as defined by WHO for at least 1 year or is confirmed C-peptide negative
• HbA1c 7.5 - 14.0% based on analysis from local laboratory or equivalent within 1 months of enrolment
• Treated with insulin pump or MDI
• Has a Smart phone compatible with Dexcom G5 or similar
• Willingness to wear study devices
• Willing to follow study specific instructions
• Literate in English

Exclusion criteria

• Non-type 1 diabetes mellitus including those secondary to chronic disease
• Any other physical or psychological disease likely to interfere with the normal conduct of the study
• Untreated celiac disease or hypothyroidism
• Current or planned users of real-time or flash (Libre) glucose monitoring sensors
• Current treatment with drugs known to interfere with glucose metabolism, e.g. systemic corticosteroids, Metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, non-selective beta-blockers and MAO inhibitors etc.
• Regular use of acetaminophen
• Medically documented allergy towards the adhesive (glue) of plasters or unable to tolerate tape adhesive in the area of sensor placement
• Serious skin diseases (e.g. psoriasis vulgaris, bacterial skin diseases) located at places of the body, which could potentially be used for localisation of the glucose sensor)
• Lack of reliable telephone facility for contact
• Known or suspected allergy against insulin
• Severe visual impairment
• Severe hearing impairment
• Subject not proficient in English