Comparison of Outcomes of Two Approaches in Microsurgical Varicocelectomy in Chinese Infertile Males: A Prospective Randomized, Controlled Trial

Outcome Measures

Before surgery, all patients were diagnosed by physical examination and testified by color Doppler ultrasound. And one trained nurse documented the patients' age, left unilateral or bilateral and the grade of varicocele, and the grade of the more serious side was noted when handled with bilateral ones. During surgery, the duration of surgery was documented. After surgery, a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess the introperative pain after anesthesia recovery and the amount of postoperative pain one month postoperatively by another trained nurse. And the patients whose pain scores > 3 and/or who claimed pain were prescribed with ibuprofen sustained-release capsules (China SmithKline Pharmaceutical Company, Tianjing, China) (0.3g) (ISRC) every 12h on the surgical day (since 2h postoperatively) and only if necessary on the following days (no patient claimed that he had gastrointestinal ulcer history or allergic history of relative drug). Parents were told to write down on a provided form how many times they gave medicine postoperatively. Patients were followed with visits 1 month, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery, and were encouraged to visit the clinic anytime when they had any complaint in this period. The semen analyses were conducted in the 3, 6 and 12 months in the follow-up. The recurrence or hydrocele formation was testified by color Doppler ultrasound (with/without detected by physical examination) by the same doctor who did the preoperative examination. And this doctor and two nurses mentioned above were all unaware of the patients' groups.

Inclusion criteria

• Primary infertility (more than 1 year)
• Serum hormone was normal (FSH, LH, T and PRL)
• Semen analysis which was taken within 3-7 days of abstinence was abnormal for at least twice, and at least 1 month apart (the value of sperm density was less than 20 million per ml, and/or sperm motility a+b was less than 50%, according to the 4th WHO criteria)
• All varicocele was diagnosed by physical examination and testified by color Doppler ultrasound
• Patients' spouse was healthy in reproduction or had some curable generational diseases

Exclusion criteria

• Secondary infertility
• Men with subclinical varicocele or normal semen analyses
• Having some other surgical diseases, such as genital tract infection or deformity
• Having some congenital diseases, such as Klinefelter and Y chromosome deficiency
• Having some endocrine diseases, such as Kallmann, abnormality in pituitary gland, hyperthyroidism, hypercorticoidism, and so on
• Patients' spouse had some diseases that made them unable to carry out spontaneous pregnancy, such as tubal obstruction or ovulatory failure.