Comparison of Isotonic Versus Hypotonic Fluids in Neonates for Maintenance Fluid Therapy After Surgery

The primary objective of this clinical trial is to determine the most appropriate type of maintenance fluid (isotonic versus hypotonic) for neonates following surgery. The study enrolled 84 neonates, aged 1-28 days, who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi from January 2023 to December 2023.

Neonates were randomly assigned into two groups:

Group I: Received isotonic/normal saline with 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline. Group H: Received hypotonic saline with 5% dextrose in 0.45% saline. Blood samples were collected before surgery and 24 hours post-surgery to measure serum sodium levels. The main outcome measures were the incidence of hyponatremia (serum sodium level <135 mEq/L) and hypernatremia (serum sodium level >145 mEq/L). Secondary outcomes included other complications such as edema.

The results indicated that:

Hyponatremia occurred in 2 (4.8%) cases in the isotonic group and 11 (26.2%) cases in the hypotonic group.

Hypernatremia was observed in 9 (21.4%) cases in the isotonic group and none in the hypotonic group.

Edema was noted in 1 (2.4%) neonate in the isotonic group and 9 (21.4%) neonates in the hypotonic group.

The study concluded that isotonic saline is more effective in maintaining normal serum sodium levels and reducing the risk of hyponatremia and other complications compared to hypotonic saline in neonates post-surgery. Further research with larger sample sizes and additional electrolyte considerations is recommended to improve outcomes and reduce morbidity and mortality in this population.

Inclusion criteria

• Neonates aged 1-28 days. Admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi.

Scheduled for surgery requiring maintenance fluid therapy postoperatively. Parental or guardian consent obtained.

Exclusion criteria

• Neonates with pre-existing electrolyte imbalances or metabolic disorders. Neonates with congenital heart disease or renal impairment. Neonates on diuretics or other medications affecting fluid balance. Neonates with a history of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Neonates with major congenital anomalies. Lack of parental or guardian consent.