Comparison of Functional Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty Between Low Phase Angle and High Phase Angle Group

Researchers ask patients to rise from a seated position, walk a distance of 3 m, turn around, return to the chair, and sit back.

The average time of three trials was recorded as a result

Patients are instructed to walk 14 m, including 2 m at both ends for acceleration and deceleration, at their comfortable speed.

Gait speed was calculated by dividing the 10m distance by the time taken.

Patients are asked to perform 14 tasks regarding the static and dynamic balance of patients. Each task was rated on a five-point scale from 0 to 4, with a total score of 56.

• Isokinetic knee assessment is assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex NORM®, Humac, CA, USA).
• Each participant is positioned on an adjustable chair and secured to the equipment with straps across the trunk, hip, and thigh.
• Gravity correction measurements are made according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• Participants are instructed on standardized procedures before and during the test.
• Concentric measurement of the peak flexion torque is performed at preset constant angular velocities, 60°/s, with a rest period between each trial to prevent fatigue and ensure consistent effort levels.
• Participants warm up with five to six submaximal practice repetitions before each test series. After repeating three times, the examiner records the average value.

• Isokinetic knee assessment is assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex NORM®, Humac, CA, USA).
• Each participant is positioned on an adjustable chair and secured to the equipment with straps across the trunk, hip, and thigh.
• Gravity correction measurements are made according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• Participants are instructed on standardized procedures before and during the test.
• Concentric measurement of the peak flexion torque is performed at preset constant angular velocities, 150°/s, with a rest period between each trial to prevent fatigue and ensure consistent effort levels.
• Participants warm up with five to six submaximal practice repetitions before each test series. After repeating three times, the examiner records the average value.

• Isokinetic knee assessment is assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex NORM®, Humac, CA, USA).
• Each participant is positioned on an adjustable chair and secured to the equipment with straps across the trunk, hip, and thigh.
• Gravity correction measurements are made according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• Participants are instructed on standardized procedures before and during the test.
• Concentric measurement of the peak extension torque is performed at preset constant angular velocities, 60°/s, with a rest period between each trial to prevent fatigue and ensure consistent effort levels.
• Participants warm up with five to six submaximal practice repetitions before each test series. After repeating three times, the examiner records the average value.

• Isokinetic knee assessment is assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex NORM®, Humac, CA, USA).
• Each participant is positioned on an adjustable chair and secured to the equipment with straps across the trunk, hip, and thigh.
• Gravity correction measurements are made according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• Participants are instructed on standardized procedures before and during the test.
• Concentric measurement of the peak extension torque is performed at preset constant angular velocities, 150°/s, with a rest period between each trial to prevent fatigue and ensure consistent effort levels.
• Participants warm up with five to six submaximal practice repetitions before each test series. After repeating three times, the examiner records the average value.

• Isokinetic knee assessment is assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex NORM®, Humac, CA, USA).
• Each participant is positioned on an adjustable chair and secured to the equipment with straps across the trunk, hip, and thigh.
• Gravity correction measurements are made according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• Participants are instructed on standardized procedures before and during the test.
• Concentric measurement of the total knee flexion effort is performed at preset constant angular velocities, 60°/s, with a rest period between each trial to prevent fatigue and ensure consistent effort levels.
• Participants warm up with five to six submaximal practice repetitions before each test series. After repeating three times, the examiner records the average value.

• Isokinetic knee assessment is assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex NORM®, Humac, CA, USA).
• Each participant is positioned on an adjustable chair and secured to the equipment with straps across the trunk, hip, and thigh.
• Gravity correction measurements are made according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• Participants are instructed on standardized procedures before and during the test.
• Concentric measurement of the total knee flexion effort is performed at preset constant angular velocities, 150°/s, with a rest period between each trial to prevent fatigue and ensure consistent effort levels.
• Participants warm up with five to six submaximal practice repetitions before each test series. After repeating three times, the examiner records the average value.

• Isokinetic knee assessment is assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex NORM®, Humac, CA, USA).
• Each participant is positioned on an adjustable chair and secured to the equipment with straps across the trunk, hip, and thigh.
• Gravity correction measurements are made according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• Participants are instructed on standardized procedures before and during the test.
• Concentric measurement of the total knee extension effort is performed at preset constant angular velocities, 60°/s, with a rest period between each trial to prevent fatigue and ensure consistent effort levels.
• Participants warm up with five to six submaximal practice repetitions before each test series. After repeating three times, the examiner records the average value.

• Isokinetic knee assessment is assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex NORM®, Humac, CA, USA).
• Each participant is positioned on an adjustable chair and secured to the equipment with straps across the trunk, hip, and thigh.
• Gravity correction measurements are made according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• Participants are instructed on standardized procedures before and during the test.
• Concentric measurement of the total knee extension effort is performed at preset constant angular velocities, 150°/s, with a rest period between each trial to prevent fatigue and ensure consistent effort levels.
• Participants warm up with five to six submaximal practice repetitions before each test series. After repeating three times, the examiner records the average value.

• Whole body phase angle is calculated using the multifrequency Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with the InBody S10 (BioSpace, Seoul, Korea).
• Before measurement, all patients are asked to fast for a minimum of 3 hours with the bladder emptied and avoid alcohol or vigorous activity.
• Tetrapolar 8-point electrodes are placed on the dorsal surfaces of both wrist and foot according to the manufacturer's instruction.
• After resting for 15 minutes, a weak current under 100uA is applied to measure the reactance (Xc) and impedance (R) of 6 Different Frequencies (1kHz, 5kHz, 50kHz, 250kHz, 500kHz, 1000kHz).
• A whole body Phase angle is calculated as an arctangent of the Xc to R ratio at 50kHz. [Phase angle (degrees) arctan(Xc/R) (180/π)]