Comparison of Effects of Mirror Therapy Combined With Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation or Binaural Beats Stimulation on Cortical Excitability, Heart Rate Variability and Lower Limb Motor Function in Patients With Stroke

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment for lower extremity is a scale used to evaluate motor and functional recovery in patients with conditions like stroke. It measures muscle strength, movement control, coordination, and balance. Scores range from 0 (no movement) to 34 (full recovery). Higher scores indicate better recovery.

The Modified Ashworth Scale assesses muscle spasticity in conditions like stroke or cerebral palsy. Scores range from 0 to 4 or 5, indicating the severity of muscle resistance during passive movement. Higher scores mean more severe spasticity. It guides treatment and tracks progress.

The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test assesses mobility by measuring the time it takes for someone to stand, walk a short distance, turn, and sit back down. Faster times suggest better mobility, while longer times may indicate mobility limitations or fall risk. It's a useful tool to evaluate functional capacity and guide interventions for improved mobility.

Higher scores on the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS) indicate greater difficulty in postural control and stability after a stroke.

The Barthel Index assesses a person's ability to independently perform daily activities. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater independence.

Electroencephalography is used obtain power data of total μ (8-12Hz), lower μ (8-10Hz), and upper μ (10-12Hz).

μ suppression→ a negative value (<0) indicates inhibition of μ waves, indicating activation in the motor cortex(Bae et al., 2012).