Skip to main content
OpenTrials
Not Yet Recruiting

NCT Number: NCT07372339

Comparison of Breast Sensory Recovery Between Conventional and Endoscopic Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy Combined With Prepectoral Implant Reconstruction

This clinical trial aims to determine whether conventional surgery or endoscopic surgery results in better recovery of breast skin sensation in women with early-stage breast cancer undergoing nipple-sparing mastectomy with prepectoral implant reconstruction. Furthermore, the study will compare the safety, aesthetic outcomes, and quality of life associated with the two surgical approaches. The study seeks to address the following primary research questions:

Does conventional surgery lead to superior recovery of breast skin sensation at 6 months postoperatively compared with endoscopic surgery?

What are the differences between the two surgical approaches in terms of complication rates, aesthetic outcomes, and patient-reported quality of life?

Researchers will compare conventional nipple-sparing mastectomy with endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy to determine which procedure better preserves postoperative breast sensation.

Participants will:

Be randomly assigned to undergo either conventional or endoscopic surgery.

Have breast skin sensation measured preoperatively and at multiple postoperative follow-up visits using a standardized assessment tool.

Complete validated questionnaires regarding breast satisfaction and quality of life preoperatively and during multiple follow-up visits.

Attend scheduled follow-up visits to monitor for complications and to evaluate the long-term appearance and health of the reconstructed breast.

Not Yet Recruiting

Trial opening soon.

Get Notified

Key information

Conditions

Breast Cancer Breast Diseases Breast Neoplasms Neoplasms Neoplasms by Site Skin Diseases Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases

Age range

18 year–70 year

Sex eligibility

Female

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: No

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Female patients aged 18 to 70 years.
  • Unilateral breast cancer confirmed by preoperative pathology.
  • Scheduled to undergo nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with immediate prepectoral implant-based breast reconstruction.
  • Invasive carcinoma with a maximum tumor diameter ≤ 5 cm, or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).
  • Preoperative imaging assessment confirms a distance of ≥ 1 cm between the lesion and the nipple-areola complex (NAC).
  • No clinical, radiological, or pathological evidence of tumor invasion into the NAC, skin, or pectoralis major muscle. The tumor must be confined within the glandular tissue.
  • No evidence of distant metastasis (M0).
  • Clinically node-negative (cN0) as assessed by preoperative examination.
  • No history of neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy prior to surgery.
  • Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1.
  • Willing and able to understand the study procedures, provide written informed consent, demonstrate good compliance, and agree to participate in follow-up evaluations.
  • The principal surgeon must have experience in performing at least 30 cases of NSM combined with implant-based reconstruction.

Exclusion criteria

  • Diagnosis of Paget's disease of the breast, recurrent breast cancer, or a history of prior thoracic radiation therapy.
  • Evidence of tumor invasion into the skin (including inflammatory breast cancer), nipple-areola complex, or pectoralis major muscle.
  • Pregnancy or lactation at the time of enrollment.
  • Requirement for re-excision following a prior breast lump biopsy, or a history of any previous breast surgery (including but not limited to augmentation mammoplasty, breast reduction, lumpectomy, etc.).
  • Breast size exceeding a D-cup.
  • Body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m².
  • Grade III ptosis (severe breast drooping where the nipple is positioned below the inframammary fold).
  • Pre-existing nipple-areolar complex deformities (e.g., nipple inversion, areolar hypoplasia), active skin conditions of the breast (e.g., eczema, dermatitis, infection, ulceration), or significant scarring compromising the surgical site.
  • Severe systemic comorbidities (e.g., immunosuppression, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction, coagulopathy or bleeding diathesis, contraindications to general anesthesia).
  • Known hypersensitivity or allergy to silicone gel implants, or to anesthetic agents/antibiotics used perioperatively.
  • Pre-existing neurological disorders (e.g., diabetic peripheral neuropathy, Parkinson's disease, polyneuritis, spinal cord injury) or chronic use of medications known to affect neurological/sensory function (e.g., antidepressants, antiepileptics).
  • Current heavy smoking (>20 cigarettes per day).
  • Current alcohol abuse or substance addiction.
  • Concurrent or history of other active malignancies
  • Anticipated poor compliance with follow-up protocols or inability to complete scheduled postoperative evaluations.

Treatment and study plan

Conventional nipple-sparing mastectomy combined with prepectoral implant reconstruction

Procedure

This procedure is a traditional surgical approach involving a skin incision made on the breast surface. Under direct visualization, the breast glandular tissue is excised while preserving the nipple-areola complex, followed by a reconstructive surgery with implant placement in the prepectoral plane.

Endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy combined with prepectoral implant reconstruction

Procedure

This minimally invasive procedure is performed through small, concealed incisions in the axilla. Utilizing endoscopic instruments and an imaging system, the breast glandular tissue is resected under video monitoring, followed by reconstructive surgery with implant placement in the prepectoral plane.

Primary outcomes

  1. Average breast sensory thresholds at 6 months post breast reconstruction as measured by Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments

    Time frame: 6 months

    Differences in the mean skin sensory thresholds (measured by Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments across nine breast regions) between the conventional and endoscopic surgery groups were observed at 6 months after breast reconstruction.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Number of participants with postoperative complications as assessed by Clavien-Dindo Classification System within 1 year after surgery

    Time frame: within 1 year

    Complications (e.g., hematoma, infection, flap necrosis) will be recorded and graded according to the Clavien-Dindo Classification System. The outcome is the count (and percentage) of participants experiencing at least one complication within the first postoperative year. These events are assessed at scheduled follow-up visits at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months.

  2. Patient-reported quality of life as measured by Breast-Q reconstruction module

    Time frame: 6 months and 1 year

    The Breast-Q reconstruction module assesses multiple domains, including psychosocial well-being, sexual well-being, physical well-being (of the chest and upper body), and satisfaction with breasts. All scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale.

  3. Physician-assessed breast aesthetic score using a 5-point Likert scale

    Time frame: 6 months and 1 year

    Independent surgeons will rate five specific domains (volume, shape, symmetry, scar, NAC) on a 5-point Likert scale (1=very dissatisfied to 5=very satisfied) using blinded photographs. The mean score for each domain and the composite mean score will be compared between groups.

  4. Patient-reported quality of life as assessed by E0RTC QLQ-C30

    Time frame: 6 months and 1 year

    Patient-reported quality of life measured by E0RTC QLQ-C30, consists of 30 items grouped into functional scales, symptom scales and single items, global health status scale. Responses for most items are recorded on a 4-point Likert scale (1="Not at all" to 4="Very much"). The two Global Health Status items use a 7-point linear analogue scale (1="Very poor" to 7="Excellent"). Raw scores are linearly transformed to a standardized score ranging from 0 to 100 for each scale. For the functional scales and the global health status scale: a higher score indicates a better level of functioning or quality of life. For the symptom scales / single Items: a higher score indicates a greater severity of symptoms or problems.

  5. Long-term breast skin sensation threshold as measured by Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments

    Time frame: Annually up to 10 years

    The mean pressure threshold, measured in grams using the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test across nine standardized breast regions, will be compared between the conventional surgery group and the endoscopic surgery group after nipple-sparing mastectomy with prepectoral implant reconstruction for a long time.

  6. Number of participants with postoperative complications as assessed by Clavien-Dindo Classification System after surgery in the long term.

    Time frame: Annually up to 10 years

    Number of participants with postoperative complications assessed by Clavien-Dindo Classification System will be compared between two groups annually in the long term.

  7. Long-term physician-assessed breast aesthetic score

    Time frame: Annually up to 10 years

    Independent surgeons will rate five specific domains (volume, shape, symmetry, scar, NAC) on a 5-point Likert scale (1=very dissatisfied to 5=very satisfied) using blinded photographs. The mean score will be compared between groups at annual follow-ups.

  8. Long-term patient-reported quality of life as measured by Breast-Q reconstruction module

    Time frame: Annually up to 10 years

    The Breast-Q reconstruction module assesses multiple domains, including psychosocial well-being, sexual well-being, physical well-being (of the chest and upper body), and satisfaction with breasts. All scores are transformed to a 0-100 scale. The mean score will be compared between groups at annual follow-ups.

  9. Long-term patient-reported quality of life as assessed by EORTC-QLQ-C30

    Time frame: Annually up to 10 years

    Long-term patient-reported quality of life measured by E0RTC QLQ-C30, consists of 30 items grouped into functional scales, symptom scales and single items, global health status scale. Responses for most items are recorded on a 4-point Likert scale (1="Not at all" to 4="Very much"). The two Global Health Status items use a 7-point linear analogue scale (1="Very poor" to 7="Excellent"). Raw scores are linearly transformed to a standardized score ranging from 0 to 100 for each scale. For the functional scales and the global health status scale: a higher score indicates a better level of functioning or quality of life. For the symptom scales / single Items: a higher score indicates a greater severity of symptoms or problems.

Study contacts

Contact information is provided by the study sponsor or research team.

Wen Bin Zhou, professor

CONTACT

[email protected]

13814162016

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Comparison of Breast Sensory Recovery Between Conventional and Endoscopic Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy Combined With Prepectoral Implant Reconstruction：an Open-label, Multicentre, Randomised, Controlled Trial

Important dates

Study start
2026
Primary completion
2028
Study completion
2036
First posted
Jan 28, 2026
Registry last updated
Jan 28, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

Related clinical trials

Published trials that share one or more normalized conditions with this study.