Comparing Amla (Emblica Officinalis) and 3% Sodium Hypochlorite Against Enterococcus Faecalis in Root Canal Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The primary objective of endodontic therapy is the complete elimination of microorganisms from the root canal system. Successful root canal treatment (RCT) depends on effective cleaning, shaping, and disinfection of the root canal system. During canal preparation, the removal of bacterial toxins and the smear layer is essential to minimize the microbial load. However, because bacteria and dentinal debris may remain within the complex anatomy of the root canal system, mechanical instrumentation alone is often insufficient to achieve complete disinfection. Elimination of the infection before obturation is critical for improving treatment success and promoting periapical healing.

Enterococcus faecalis is one of the microorganisms most frequently associated with persistent root canal infections and endodontic treatment failure. It is a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive coccus capable of surviving under harsh environmental conditions. E. faecalis can persist in nutrient-deprived environments, exhibits resistance to several intracanal medicaments, and tolerates alkaline conditions with a pH of up to 11.5, making it particularly difficult to eradicate.

To enhance microbial elimination, root canal preparation is routinely supplemented with irrigating solutions. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most widely used endodontic irrigant because of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and tissue-dissolving properties. It is commonly used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 5.25%. Although NaOCl is considered the gold standard irrigant, higher concentrations are associated with increased cytotoxicity, tissue irritation, and caustic effects. Accidental extrusion beyond the root apex may result in severe damage to the surrounding periodontal and periapical tissues.

In view of these limitations, there is growing interest in identifying natural irrigants that provide effective antimicrobial activity with fewer adverse effects. Emblica officinalis (Amla) is a medicinal plant with well-documented antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic properties. It has been widely used in traditional medicine and is rich in vitamin C and other bioactive compounds. Several in vitro studies have demonstrated significant antibacterial activity of Emblica officinalis against Enterococcus faecalis. In addition, it is inexpensive, readily available, and has no reported toxicity when used appropriately.

The present randomized controlled trial aims to compare the antibacterial efficacy of Emblica officinalis with 3% sodium hypochlorite as root canal irrigants during non-surgical root canal treatment of mature single-rooted anterior teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis. Antibacterial efficacy will be assessed by measuring bacterial colony-forming units (CFU/mL), and clinical outcomes will be evaluated by assessing pain on percussion, tenderness on palpation, and the presence of a sinus tract following treatment.

Inclusion criteria

• Co-operative patients of both sexes aged between 18-50 years
• Patients belonging to ASA classification I and II (mild to moderate systemic disease).
• Permanent mature single-rooted and single canal teeth.
• Patients with pulp necrosis / apical periodontitis (primary endodontic infection with periapical radiolucency) will be included.
• Adequate crown structure.
• Probing level </= 3mm
• Patients not taking antibiotics for the last two weeks (pragmatic approach).

Exclusion criteria

• ●Patients with ASA Classification III, IV, V and VI or any other congenital disease.

• Patient with liver failure and patient on blood thinning medication will be excluded.
• Teeth with Multiple roots and canals.
• Teeth with calcified pulp chamber.
• Teeth with previous endodontic therapy performed.
• Aberrant anatomy.
• Teeth associated with vertical root fracture and coronal perforation.
• Patient taking antibiotics in the last two weeks.