Comparing Acupuncture, BioModulator, and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Symptomatic Treatment of Chronic Pain.

Treatment will be performed by an experienced provider, and may include insertion of sterile 32-gage (0.25mm) acupuncture needles on any part of the body that can be needled while the subject is lying prone with their head in a face cradle. The needles are usually retained for 20-30 minutes along various meridian points identified by the practitioner as being "blocked." Needles will be inserted to the depth typically recommended for the particular point of concern; generally 1 to 3cm. There are no constraints on the number of needles used. Acupuncture points are points of lower resistance and higher electrical conductance than the surrounding tissue. Placing the acupuncture needles into points identified as blocked is believed to help restore the flow of energy and stimulates the release of endorphins. The subject's level of pain is assessed on a 0-10 pain scale. Thirty minute acupuncture treatments will be given by the provider once a week for 6 weeks at the pain clinic.

An FDA-approved Tennant™ 650 BioModulator will be used to deliver electrical stimulation. The device will be applied directly on top of the subject's area of pain for one minute; power is adjusted until the subject feels a slight tingle. Random variations of pulse amplitude are set from zero to a chosen comfort limit. A feedback mechanism is provided by the constant monitoring of skin impedance. The device is then pressed onto the site of pain and rotated counter-clockwise. After a minute, the device is placed on the opposite side of the pain site and the procedure repeated. The subject's level of pain is assessed on a 0-10 pain scale. At no time is the level of electrical stimulation allowed to cause sustained pain. The subject will receive a weekly 15 minute visit that includes a treatment provided by the pain provider. The provider will teach the subject how to use the machine by themselves and instruct the subject to use the machine twice a day on their own during the study.

An FDA-approved Empi™ TENS unit will be used to deliver the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. The low frequency TENS unit will be applied to the subject's area of pain by the use of four integrated self-adhering 5x5 cm electrodes. The electrodes will be positioned at a distance of 3 cm and centered over the area that is most painful. The device rapidly delivers therapeutic electrical currents at various frequencies off and on 150 times a second. The subject's level of pain is assessed on a 0-10 pain scale. At no time is the level of electrical stimulation allowed to cause sustained pain. The subject will receive a weekly 15 minute visit that includes a treatment provided by the pain provider. The provider will teach the subject how to use the machine by themselves and instruct the subject to use the machine twice a day on their own during the study.