Comparative Effects of Balance and Inspiratory Muscle Training in Older Adults

MIP will be measured using a digital pressure gauge to evaluate the strength of the inspiratory muscles. The best of three maneuvers will be recorded in cmH2O. Higher values indicate better respiratory muscle strength.

MEP will be measured using a digital pressure gauge to evaluate the strength of the expiratory muscles. The best of three maneuvers will be recorded in cmH2O. Higher values indicate better expiratory muscle strength.

The TUG test measures the time (in seconds) it takes for a participant to stand up from a chair, walk 3 meters, turn around, walk back, and sit down. Lower scores (less time) indicate better functional mobility and balance.

Respiratory muscle endurance will be assessed using an incremental threshold loading test (ITLT). The test starts with an initial load based on the participant's Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP). The resistance is increased by 20% of the initial MIP value every 2 minutes. Participants are instructed to maintain their breathing pattern against the increasing load until exhaustion or until they can no longer overcome the threshold. The total duration (in seconds) sustained during the test is recorded. Higher values indicate better respiratory muscle endurance.

The participant stands on one leg for as long as possible without support. The time (in seconds) until balance is lost is recorded (up to a maximum of 30 or 60 seconds). Higher values indicate better static balance.

The 6MWT measures the total distance (in meters) a participant can walk on a flat, hard surface in a period of 6 minutes. It is used to assess submaximal functional exercise capacity.

Core endurance will be assessed using static holding test (McGill's torso endurance test). The duration (in seconds) the participant can maintain the position is recorded. Higher duration indicates better core stability.

SPPB consists of three components: standing balance, gait speed, and chair stand tests. Each component is scored from 0 to 4, with a total score ranging from 0 to 12. Higher scores indicate better physical performance.

This index categorizes or weights comorbid conditions to predict the 10-year survival for patients. The scores are summed to provide a total score (0 to 37). Higher scores indicate a higher burden of comorbidity and a lower 10-year survival probability.

A 30-point questionnaire used extensively in clinical and research settings to measure cognitive impairment. Scores range from 0 to 30. Higher scores indicate better cognitive function.

A rapid screening instrument for mild cognitive dysfunction. It assesses different cognitive domains: attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visuoconstructional skills, conceptual thinking, calculations, and orientation. Total score is 30. Higher scores indicate better cognitive performance.

A task-oriented test that measures an older adult's gait and balance abilities. The maximum score is 28, with 16 points for balance and 12 for gait. Higher scores indicate better mobility and lower fall risk.

Handgrip strength will be measured in kilograms (kg) using a calibrated handheld dynamometer. Participants will perform three trials with their dominant hand, and the maximum value will be recorded. Higher values indicate better upper extremity muscle strength.

A brief instrument to assess physical activity in older adults. It scores occupational, household, and leisure activities over a one-week period. Higher scores indicate a higher level of physical activity.

A self-reported questionnaire that measures the impact of fatigue on daily functioning and quality of life. Higher scores indicate a greater impact of fatigue on the individual's life.