Comparative Effectiveness of Empagliflozin in the US

Inclusion criteria

• Patients >= 18 years old for Marketscan and Optum, and >=65 years old for Medicare only
• Patients initiating empagliflozin or a DPP-4 inhibitor within the study period. Initiation was defined as no use of SGLT-2 inhibitors (canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ertugliflozin) or DPP-4 inhibitors in the previous 12 months.
• Restriction to patients with a diagnosis of T2DM (ICD-9 Dx code of 250.x0 or 250.x2; ICD-10 Dx code of E11.x) in the 12 months prior to drug initiation.

Exclusion criteria

• Patients with missing or ambiguous age or sex information.
• All patients who have less than 12 months of continuous registration in the database prior to initiation of empagliflozin or a DPP-4 inhibitor will be excluded.
• Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) defined as at least 1 inpatient or outpatient codes in the 12 months prior to drug initiation.
• Secondary diabetes, and gestational diabetes in the 12 months prior to drug initiation
• History of cancer in the 5 years prior to drug initiation
• End-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the 12 months prior to drug initiation
• HIV diagnosis or treatment in the 12 months prior to drug initiation
• Organ transplant in the 12 months prior to drug initiation
• Patients that were in nursing homes in the 12 months prior to drug initiation
• Patients with concomitant SGLT-2 inhibitor and DPP-4 inhibitor initiation will also be excluded.
• Patients initiating more than one DPP-4i on cohort entry date will additionally be excluded Additional exclusion criteria apply.