Community-Based Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease

The long-term objective of this study is to determine if community-based screening for chronic kidney disease (CKD) can 1) identify individuals with CKD in their lived environments; 2) lead to those identified with CKD accepting referral for kidney-protective medical care; and 3) sustain medical care long enough to achieve documented improvement of their CKD. Chronic kidney disease is increasing in incidence and prevalence, leading to increasing mortality from diseases for which CKD increases risk like cardiovascular disease (CVD), reduced quality of life associated with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), and increasing economic costs of managing progressive CKD, particularly the ESKD costs of dialysis and kidney transplant. Unfortunately, CKD initiation and progression is asymptomatic until kidney function declines to very low levels at which patients present with symptoms to health systems for medical evaluation. Diagnosis of CKD is commonly made at its late stages when kidney-protective medical therapy is less effective. Kidney protective medical therapy is much more effective when instituted in early CKD stages so its early identification is critical. Because patients with CKD progress many years toward ESKD asymptomatically, it is best to identify them in their lived environments when they are in earlier stages at which kidney-protective medical care is most effective. Individuals living in low-income, largely minority communities, are at higher risk for CKD than those living in wealthier, non-minority communities. Because of historic mistreatment of these communities by the U.S. research and health system enterprises, many individuals in these communities harbor justified mistrust of the U.S. medical research and health system enterprise. Because of this mistrust, many individuals are less willing to participate in research studies and are less willing to accept referral for medical care even if they have been diagnosed with a condition that can be improved with medical care. The specific aims of this study are to determine if individuals from low-income, largely minority communities will 1) accept CKD screening done by dipstick measurement of urine albumin (mg)-to-creatinine (g) ratio (UACR); 2) accept outpatient clinic referral for kidney-protective medical care for those found to have CKD by high UACR (>30 mg/g); and 3) sustain clinic care for at least twelve months and achieve improved CKD as assessed by reduced UACR from baseline. Studies support that individuals from low-income, largely minority communities are more likely to accept and follow through on guidance received from community-based institutions with which they are familiar that have "trusted agency". Such institutions include churches in these communities that have earned the trust of the communities over many years. These churches often have medical ministries through which they conduct "health fairs" during which church members and non-church members from the surrounding communities come to learn health topics, learn about diseases common to their communities, and are offered the opportunity to be screened for some of these diseases. Studies also support that community members are more likely to accept and follow through on guidance from individuals from and/or with knowledge of their communities, even if these individuals are not traditional health professionals like physicians or nurses. We will employ trained community health workers (CHW) to be part of the research team, are from or familiar with these communities and so have the trust of the community, and who will conduct the screening under the supervision of the principal investigator. At a screened area of the church during a health fair a CHW will explain the study to attendees and if the attendee signs informed consent, the CHW will measure blood pressure and ask the attendee to provide at least 20 ml urine for UACR. If UACR is > 30 mg/g, it will be sent for laboratory confirmation. If confirmed, the attendee will be offered study enrollment and offered outpatient clinic referral to receive kidney-protective kidney care at no out of pocket cost. Those who agree to be enrolled will be included in the study whether they accept referral (experimental group) or decline (control group). All will be asked to return to the church in 12 months for repeat blood pressure and UACR measurement. Those with blood pressure >140/90 but UACR <30 mg/g will be offered outpatient clinic referral but will not be enrolled in the study.

Inclusion criteria

• Voluntarily attending community-based (typically a church) health fair;
• 18-70 yrs old
• Without symptoms
• Has never been told to have chronic kidney disease (CKD) or other kidney-related conditions
• non-smoking (smoking is associated with increased urine albumin excretion)
• Able to provide informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

• Symptoms of chronic disease (e.g., shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue poor appetite
• Known kidney disease
• current smoker
• unable to provide informed consent.