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NCT Number: NCT07732595

Combined and Aquatic Exercise in Chronic Low Back Pain

The goal of this randomized clinical trial is to evaluate the effects of a combined aquatic- and land-based exercise program, as well as an aquatic-exercise program, compared with a control group receiving home-based exercise, on pain, disability, and functional capacity in adults with CLBP. Secondary objectives include examining the effects on fear of movement, anxiety and depression, quadriceps and hand-grip strength, and lumbar mobility. The main question it aims to answer is: "Which type of exercise program is most effective at improving pain, disability, functional capacity, fear of movement, anxiety and depression, quadriceps and hand-grip strength, and lumbar mobility in adults with chronic low back pain?".

Participants will perform an aquatic-based exercise program (aquatic group), a combined aquatic and land-based exercise program (aquatic and land group), or a land-based exercise program (home group).

Researchers will compare groups to find any differences in pain, disability, functional capacity, kinesiophobia, anxiety and depression, quadriceps and hand-grip strength, and lumbar mobility.

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Key information

Conditions

Chronic Low-back Pain (cLBP) Back Pain Behavior Motor Activity Neurologic Manifestations Pain Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms

Age range

18 year and older

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

University of Beira Interior

Covilha, Castelo Branco District, 6201-001, Portugal

Location contact

Diogo Monteiro, PhD

PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Fernanda M. Silva, PhD

SUB_INVESTIGATOR

Henrique Neiva, PhD

PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Joana Borges, MSc

CONTACT

[email protected]

+351964928447

Joana Borges, MSc

PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Pedro Duarte-Mendes, PhD

PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATOR

Tiago Pastilha, MSc

SUB_INVESTIGATOR

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: No

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • all genders;
  • aged over 18 years;
  • Chronic Low Back Pain lasting three months or longer and with an intensity of 3 or higher on the Visual Analogue Scale at rest.

Exclusion criteria

  • Individuals who refuse to participate or do not provide informed consent;
  • Pain radiating to the lower limb;
  • Recent pregnancy or childbirth (less than 8 weeks ago);
  • Ongoing physical therapy treatments;
  • Severe rheumatological, neurological, neoplastic, cardiovascular diseases or other conditions that could prevent full participation in the intervention;
  • History of spinal surgery;
  • Inflammatory, infectious, or malignant spinal diseases;
  • Psychiatric disorders that may affect adherence and symptom assessment.

Treatment and study plan

Aquatic-exercise Program

Other

This intervention will consist of an aquatic-exercise program, performed in shallow water (120-150 cm deep) at a temperature of 32-34 °C, and supervised by a physiotherapist with over two years of experience in aquatic-based exercise and Ai Chi method.

The aquatic-exercise sessions, will consist of a 5-minute warm-up phase, a 30-40-minute training phase, and a 10-15-minute relaxation/cool-down phase, adapted from Ai Chi exercise positions. The Ai Chi method consists of 19 katas (movements) that incorporate deep breathing, coordinated upper and lower limb actions, trunk control, and slow, continuous motion. In this study, only 10 of these 19 katas will be included in the aquatic-exercise protocol.

Land-based exercise program

Other

This program will include specific land-based exercises, supervised by a physiotherapist with more than two years of experience in therapeutic exercise. The land-based exercise program, will be divided into three components: core stability exercises (15-20 minutes), trunk and lower limb stretching exercises (10-15 minutes), and relaxation/coordination exercises adapted from the Ai Chi method (10-15 minutes).

Home-based exercise program

Other

This exercise program will consist of a home-based exercise program. Each session will last 20-30 minutes and will be performed individually at home without professional supervision. The home-based exercise program will include core stability exercises that progress from the supine to the quadruped position. It will mirror the land-based exercise program and is adapted from a previous unsupervised home-based protocol.

Primary outcomes

  1. Visual Analogue Scale

    Time frame: One measurement will be assessed at baseline and one at each follow-up (8 and 12 weeks).

    Pain intensity will be assessed with the Visual Analogue Scale (Minimum: 0; Maximum 10). Higher values correspond to worse outcome.

  2. Oswestry Disability Index - version 2.0

    Time frame: One measurement will be assessed at baseline and one at each follow-up (8 and 12 weeks).

    Disability due to low back pain will be assessed with the Oswestry Disability Index (Minimum: 0; Maximum 100). Higher values correspond to worse outcome.

  3. Short Physical Performance Battery

    Time frame: One measurement will be assessed at baseline and one at each follow-up (8 and 12 weeks).

    Lower-limb functional capacity (balance, gait speed, chair stands) will be assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery, a simple tool that includes the four-meter gait speed test, the five-repetition sit-to-stand test and a balance test, and gives a total score based on the performance in each of those tests. Each component is scored (0-4), yielding a composite score (0-12), with higher scores indicating better performance.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia-13

    Time frame: One measurement will be assessed at baseline and one at each follow-up (8 and 12 weeks).

    Fear of movement will be assessed with the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia-13 (Minimum: 13; Maximum 52). Higher values correspond to worse outcome.

  2. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

    Time frame: One measurement will be assessed at baseline and one at each follow-up (8 and 12 weeks).

    Anxiety and depression will be assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Minimum: 0; Maximum 21). Higher values correspond to worse outcome.

  3. Fixed Handheld Dynamometry for Assessing Quadriceps Strength

    Time frame: Three measurements will be assessed at baseline and three at each follow-up (8 and 12 weeks).

    Quadriceps muscle (both sides) maximum voluntary isometric contraction will be assessed with Fixed Handheld Dynamometry with participants seated and the knee positioned at approximately 90° of flexion.

  4. Hand-Grip Dynamometry

    Time frame: Three measurements will be assessed at baseline and three at each follow-up (8 and 12 weeks).

    Maximum isometric strength of the hand and forearm muscles (both sides) will be assessed with Hand-Grip Dynamometry with participants seated with the elbow flexed at 90° and the forearm in a neutral position.

  5. Modified-Modified Schober Test

    Time frame: Three measurements will be assessed at baseline and three at each follow-up (8 and 12 weeks).

    Lumbar spine range of motion will be assessed with the Modified-Modified Schober Test.

Study contacts

Contact information is provided by the study sponsor or research team.

Joana Borges, MSc

CONTACT

[email protected]

+351964928447

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

University of Beira Interior

Other

Collaborators

  • Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco
  • Instituto Politécnico de Leiria

Registry information

Official study title

Effects of Combined-exercise and Aquatic-exercise on Pain, Disability and Functional Capacity in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain

Important dates

Study start
2026
Primary completion
2027
Study completion
2027
First posted
Jul 29, 2026
Registry last updated
Jul 30, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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