CoMBAT Opioid Use Disorder: A Combined Medication and Behavioral Activation Treatment for People Living With Opioid Use Disorder

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease and a major source of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Medications for opioid use disorder (i.e., methadone; buprenorphine) have been shown to reduce opioid use in diverse populations; however, long-term use of these medications and engagement in care are often suboptimal. Depression has been shown to contribute to medication discontinuation and care disengagement. Behavioral activation (BA) therapy is an evidence-based, behavioral treatment that has been shown to be effective in treating comorbid depression and substance use in diverse populations with smoking, alcohol, stimulant, and poly-substance use disorder. BA utilizes therapeutic techniques that help patients gradually increase goal-directed, potentially rewarding and pleasurable activities while decreasing the intensity and frequency of adverse events and consequences in order to improve mood. Given that BA utilizes strategies that can support individuals in alleviating depression and build the capacity to navigate life challenges, pairing BA with medications for OUD could help to ensure continued engagement in care and improve OUD treatment outcomes.

This study, therefore, seeks to determine the feasibility of study procedures, enhance participant acceptability, and demonstrate preliminary efficacy of the CoMBAT (Combined Medication and Behavioral Activation Treatment) intervention. The investigators will enroll individuals currently being treated with methadone or buprenorphine for OUD in a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the CoMBAT intervention. Prior to randomization, participants will receive 2 health navigation and standard substance abuse counseling sessions. Participants will then be equally randomized to either: 1) the 8-session CoMBAT intervention; or 2) standard of care. The primary outcome is engagement in care. Secondary outcomes include self-reported days of opioid use and opioid-positive urinalysis. Intervention feasibility and acceptability will also be assessed. Participants will complete major assessment visits (survey and toxicology testing) at baseline and 3- and 6-months post-randomization.

Inclusion criteria

• Age 18 years or older
• Initiated medications for opioid use >= 30 day prior to screening
• Current depressive symptoms
• Plans to stay in Rhode Island or Massachusetts for at least 6-months
• Able to read, speak, and understand English
• Willing and able to provide informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Does not plan to continue taking medications for opioid use disorder
• Unable to provide informed consent due to severe mental or physical illness, or substance intoxication at the time of interview
• Discovery of active suicidal ideation at the time of interview
• In the second or third trimester of pregnancy