Cohort Study of Clinical and Neuroimaging Characteristics for BPPV Patients in China

The changes of brain volume (mm3) are evaluated by structural MRI

The changes of brain functional connectivity intensity are evaluated by functional MRI

Vertigo is assessed with the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI Scale)

Vertigo is also assessed with the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC Scale)

Vertigo is also assessed with the Visual Vertigo Analogue Scale (VVAS)

All subjects underwent fasting vein blood collection of about 5 ml at about 8 a.m. Blood indices related to BPPV and related clinical symptoms were screened, the inflammatory index is interleukin-6（IL-6）

Immunology-related index in the blood sample is superoxide dismutase (SOD)

Inflammatory index in the blood sample is neutrophils/lymphocytes

Fatigue is assessed with the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI). A higher score represents a worse outcome. The MFI is a 20-item self-report instrument covering four dimensions (general fatigue, physical fatigue, mental fatigue, reduced motivation and reduced activity) designed to measure fatigue.

Sleep quality is assessed with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). A higher score corresponding to a worse sleep quality.

The cognition is assessed with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Higher scores (0-30) are related to a better performance.

The executive function is assessed with Trail Making Test A and B. Participants are asked to connect sequential numbers (TMT-A) and interconnect sequential numbers and letters (TMT-B).

Anxiety is assessed with Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). A higher score corresponding to more severe anxiety symptoms.

Depression is assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). A higher score corresponding to more severe depression symptoms.

Verbal memory is assessed with the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). A 12-word list are read by examiner three times and participants are asked to recall them followed by each presentation, which was called "immediate recall". The "short delayed recall" and "long delayed recall" ask the participants to recall the above 12-word list 5 minutes and 20 minutes later, the correctly recalled number of words are recorded. Finally, the subjects are instructed to recognize the learned words from a 24-words list which consisted of above learned 12-words list and a new unlearned 12-words list. Working memory is assessed with the Digit Span Backward. Participants are asked to repeat the numbers in the reverse order the examiner read them aloud and a higher score corresponding to a better outcome.

Auditory attention is assessed with the Digit Span Forward. Participants are asked to repeat the numbers in the order the examiner read them aloud and a higher score corresponding to a better outcome.