Cognitive Remediation Therapy for Participants With Late-Life Schizophrenia

Thirty late life schizophrenia (LLS) participants, age 55 and over, will undergo the CR intervention after completion of the baseline assessments. CR is a group-based psychotherapy that will consist of two, 2-hour weekly therapist-guided classes over 12 weeks, with a half-hour lunch break. The 24 classes are divided into two iterations of 12 exercises each, repeated twice. CR consists of four techniques: (1) didactic teaching on the relevance of cognition for everyday functioning and the association between cognitive strategies and enhanced functioning (2) computerized drills targeting different cognitive domains, (3) in-class strategic monitoring to enhance metacognitive skills, and (4) discussion of the generalization of cognitive skills to daily life. The Brain Gym includes electronic tablets for participant use both during classroom sessions in addition to elective, drop-in practice sessions offered three times per week. Each group will consist of 4-6 participants. A group will be started once four to six consecutively referred participants complete baseline assessments. Each class is self-contained and the first class is always introductory to CR in order to enhance the comfort level with the computer equipment and program.

Each of the 24 classes will have one, 5-10 minute block of didactic teaching, two 45-minute blocks of drill-and-practice of the online exercises, and a 20-minute lunch break. Exercises are delivered via Scientific Brain Training (SBT) Pro (2009). Computer exercises are designed to be enjoyable and reinforcing, with the difficulty level gradually increasing over time. The therapists optimize competency and motivation by individualizing the exercises for each participant. The difficulty level parameters are manually titrated according to exercise adherence and difficulty level progression, targeting 80 percent accuracy in order to optimize competency and motivation. In order to optimize learning and retention outside of weekly classes, participants are encouraged to return to the computer lab for ongoing practice of the online exercises, targeting 40 minutes of homework exercises per weekday for a total target of 200 minutes per week. Online logs allow for monitoring the time spent completing the computer exercises. The therapists review the online logs on a weekly basis with the participants at the end of the didactic class and before planning the homework for the following week. Participants' successful completion of a given exercise to the highest difficulty level is charted in the Brain Gym using their anonymized computer log-in name to serve as positive reinforcement and recognition of their achievement while maintaining privacy.

Inclusion criteria

• Age 55 years and above. The rationale of age cutoff of 55 is that this age is considered a typical geriatric age cutoff for participants with LLS.
• Any race or ethnicity.
• Females and males.
• Meets DSM-V criteria for a current diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
• Clinically stable as operationalized by (1) having not been admitted to a psychiatric hospital within the 3 months prior to assessment, (2) having had no change in antipsychotic medication dosage within the 4 weeks prior to assessment, and (3) and ascertained to be clinically and medically stable by one of the study psychiatrists.
• Willingness and ability to speak English
• Willingness to provide informed consent
• Corrected visual ability that enables reading of newspaper headlines and corrected hearing capacity that is adequate to respond to a raised conversational voice.

Exclusion criteria

• Meets criteria for a cognitive disorder secondary to a neurological or other medical disorder
• Diagnosis of bipolar disorder or current major depressive episode
• Meets diagnostic criteria for substance use or dependence within the 6 months prior to the initial assessment except for caffeine or nicotine
• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) within 6 months of initial assessment