Cognitive Rehabilitation for Post-COVID-19 Cognitive Impairment

Trail Making Test - Part B: a measure of aspects of executive functioning (e.g., set- shifting and cognitive flexibility), where participants connect the dots on a page scattered with numbers and letters in alternating sequence. Scored by time in seconds. Higher number of seconds implies deficiencies in cognitive functioning.

Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST)-64: Computer Version 2. The WCST-64 is a measure of executive functioning assessing novel problem solving and abstract thinking. The software scores the test and generates percentile scores (0-100). Scored by percentile. Higher percentile implies scoring better than others who have completed the task.

Acceptability: using 7 Likert-rated items (scores will be coded as: Low: ≤3; Moderate: 3-3.9; Good: ≥4).

Full range from 1-7, with higher score indicating higher acceptability.

Practicality measured by enrollment yield which is #enrolled/approached.

Practicality measured by number of dropout

Open-ended questions to staff regarding challenges conducting intervention (e.g., difficulty enrolling, reaching, engaging participants; scores will be coded as: Low: <50%; Moderate: 50-70%; Good: >70%).

Participants' beliefs about how likely they are to benefit from the intervention using the Treatment Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire. Full scale from 0-10, with higher score indicating higher treatment expectancy.

Neuroimaging Outcomes: Resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) within the central executive network (CEN).

Participants hear digit sequences of increasing lengths and have to recall them forward and in reversed order. Each level contains two equal number series with different numbers. Max score is 14 points for forward span and 14 points for backwards span. Higher score indicates better performance.

Single digits are presented every 3 seconds and the participant must add each new digit to the one immediately prior to it. The score is the total number correct out of 60 possible answers. Full scale range from 0-60. Higher scores represent better performance.

Requires participants to connect numbered dots in order as quickly as possible. A higher number of seconds implies worse performance.

Requires an individual to substitute digits for abstract symbols using a reference key as quickly as possible. Reaction times in seconds for the performance of the symbol-digit modalities test. A higher number of seconds implies worse performance.

A list learning task that assesses learning (immediate recall) and memory (delayed recall) and recognition discrimination. The total score (higher score means a better outcome) is converted to a standardized "T" score using normative data. The possible "T" score for each participant ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicative of better performance.

Requires participants to name as many words as they can beginning with a particular letter in 60 seconds, and then as many animals as they can, respectively. A higher number of words or animals named is indicative of better performance.

The MINT is a research measure intended to assess word retrieval deficits. It requires participants to name a series of individually presented line drawings that range from highly common (e.g. butterfly) to more obscure (e.g., axle) objects. The total scores range from 0 to 32, with higher scores indicating better performance.

A measure of premorbid intellectual estimate. Scores range from 0-70, where a higher score indicates greater premorbid intellectual ability.