Cognitive Groove (Brought to You by GERAS DANCE)

Physical function will be assessed with the Short Performance Physical Battery [total score]. Higher scores indicate better physical performance [range 0-12].

Walking speed will be assessed with the 400-m Walk Test [walking speed, m/s]. Faster walking speeds indicate better performance.

Change in walking speed will be assessed by 8-ft walking speed [m/s]. Faster walking speeds indicate better performance.

Functional mobility will be assessed with the Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test [total time, s]. A higher score indicates a greater falls risk (greater or equal to 12 sec) and lower functional mobility.

Dual-task ability will be assessed by the TUG-Cognitive (Dual Task Ability) [total time, s]. Higher time indicates worse performance.

Static postural control will be assessed by the Single Leg Stance Test [total time, s]. Higher scores indicate better postural control.

Hand grip strength will be assessed with a handgrip dynamometer [kg]. Higher measures indicate higher grip strength.

Cognition will be assessed with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment [total score]. Higher scores indicate better cognition [range 0-30].

Change in cognition will be assessed using the Trail Making Test (TMT) [total time, s]. Higher time indicates worse performance.

Cognition will be assessed using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) [total score]. Higher scores indicate better cognition [range 0-100].

Frailty will be assessed with the Fit-Frailty Index [total score]. Higher scores indicate greater frailty [range 0-1].

Fear of falling will be assessed by the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) [total score]. Higher scores indicate greater fear of falling [range 16-64].

Balance confidence will be assessed by the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale [total score]. Higher scores indicate higher confidence [range 0-100].

Depression and mood will be assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) [total score]. Higher scores indicate more depressive symptoms [range 0-27].

Loneliness will be assessed by the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale [total score]. Higher scores in indicate higher loneliness [range 20-80].

Activities of daily living will be assessed with the Katz activities of daily living questionnaire [total score]. Lower scores indicate greater impairment [range 0-6].

Activities of daily living will be assessed with Lawton instrumental activities of daily living questionnaire [total scores]. Lower scores indicate greater impairment [range 0-8].

Life space mobility will be assessed with the Life Space Assessment [total score]. Higher scores indicate a larger life space [range 0-120].

Health-related quality of life will be assessed using the Health Utilities Index (HUI). Higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life [range 0-1].

Number of emergency room visits and hospitalizations will be recorded. Higher number of visits indicates higher healthcare utilization.

Healthcare services use will be recorded. Higher number of visits, medications, etc., indicates higher healthcare utilization.

Number of falls will be assessed by self-report and electronic health record.

Number of falls-related injuries will be assessed by self-report and electronic health record.

Change in mobility will be assessed by the total number of steps taken daily (e.g., Actigraph accelerometer). Higher number of steps indicates greater mobility.

Class attendance and homework completion will be recorded [total number completed]. Higher class attendance and homework completion indicates greater adherence.

Individual-level economic evaluations will be assessed by changes in direct medical costs and effectiveness outcomes (e.g., quality-adjusted life years - QALYs), calculate and compare the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) (e.g., $/ QALY gained, $/ a visit averted) against a willingness-to-pay threshold ($50,000/QALY) to show if this program represents good value for money.