Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for the Prevention of Paranoia in Adolescents at High Risk

Measured by the CAARMS-Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental State (Yung et al., 2005), a clinician-administered semi-structured interview. The CAARMS includes the following subscales: disorders of thought content, perceptual abnormalities, conceptual disorganization, disorganized speech, motor changes, concentration and attention, emotion and affect, subjectively impaired energy and impaired tolerance to normal stress, as well as a measure of functioning called the Social and Occupational Functioning Scale (SOFAS).

The Beck Depression Inventory-2nd edition (BDI-II) is used to evaluate depressive symptoms (Beck, Steer, Ball,& Ranieri, 1996).

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is used to measure state and trait anxiety(Speilberger, 1966; Speilberger, 1983).

Peters' Delusions Inventory (PDI), a 21-item self-report questionnaire and is used to measure delusional ideation across multiple dimensions including distress, preoccupation and conviction (E. Peters, Joseph, Day, & Garety, 2004; E. R. Peters, Joseph, & Garety, 1999).

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a 10-item self-report scale that measures the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful (Cohen, 1994).

The Global Functioning: Role (GFR) and Global Functioning: Social (GFS) scales are clinician administered scales, derived from the GAF format. The GFR scale anchor points refer to performance in school, work, or as a homemaker, depending on age. Ratings are also based on demands of the role, level of independence or support provided to the individual and the individual's overall performance in the role given the level of support. The GFS scale assesses quantity and quality of peer relationships, level of peer conflict, age appropriate intimate relationships, and involvement with family members. Age-appropriate social contacts and interactions outside of the family are considered, with an emphasis on social withdrawal and isolation (Cornblatt et al., 2007).

The Social Functioning Scale (SFS) is administered both as a self-report measure to adolescents and as an observer-report to family members who evaluated adolescents' in seven areas: (a) social engagement/withdrawal (time spent alone, initiation of conversations, social avoidance), (b) interpersonal behavior (number of friends, quality of communication), (c) pro-social activities (engagement in a range of common social activities, e.g. sports), (d) recreation (engagement in a range of common hobbies and interests), (e) independence-competence (ability to perform skills necessary for independent living, (f) independence-performance (performance of skills necessary for independent living) and (g) employment/occupation (engagement in productive employment or structured daily activity (Birchwood, Smith, Cochrane, Wetton, & Copestake, 1990).

The Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases (DACOBS) measures cognitive biases and safety behaviors. DACOBS includes the following sub-scales: Jumping to Conclusions Bias, Belief Inflexibility Bias, Attention for Threat Bias, External Attribution Bias, Social Cognition Problems, Subjective Cognitive Problems, and Safety Behaviors (Van der Gaag et al., 2013).

Measured by the BEADS Task. Measures a tendency to jump to conclusions when making a judgment(Dudley, John, Young, & Over, 1997; P. A. Garety, Hemsley, & Wessely, 1991; E. Peters & Garety, 2006).

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a 10-item self-report scale that measures the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful (Cohen, 1994).

An adaptation of the Empathy Scale(Burns & Auerbach, 1996) is used to measure adolescents' perception of their family member's warmth, genuineness, and empathy.

Measures the participants' perceived alliance to the therapist(WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989).

Measures participants' perceptions of the therapist's warmth, genuineness, and empathy(ES; Burns and Auerbach, 1996).

Measures group cohesiveness(CS; Stokes, 1983).

The Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Skills for Families Scale ( CBTSF-S) is used to measure parents or family members' use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy skills (Landa et al., in preparation).

Measures the importance that youth and family members attribute to various therapeutic factors. Participants are asked to rank from 1 to 8 a number of statements about therapy(Bloch,et al.1979).